World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

Authors: Guy Sion, Laurence Shore

Abstract:

This study suggests an un invasive technique to measure steroid levels from fecal matter in reptiles or specifically in the lizard Ptyodactylus guttatus. The steroids testosterone and corticosterone were extracted from fecal matter of 10 males and 23 females, determined using an ELIZA and validated. Testosterone was validated using a dilution comparison experiment, and corticosterone metabolite level (CML) was validated in a bioassay of stress induction. An acute stress (temporal) and chronic stress (six months) were induced to compare steroid levels. Both testosterone and CML were decreased after acute stress, and elevated in response to chronic stress, but not as high as the basal level. While testosterone levels differ between sexes, corticosterone metabolite level did not. The high sensitivity detection of the labile steroids level differentiating stress types was achieved using fecal matter and sensitive distinguish to stressors known from the literature. The higher the level of testosterone, the higher the risk the lizards took.

Keywords: acute-stress, chronic-stress, corticosterone, hormones, lizard, ptyodactylus guttatus, steroids, testosterone

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Authors: Nousseiba Abed, Elbatoul Ahmed Rai̇s, Zahia Kabouche, Mehmet Ozturk, Dilaycan Çam, Mustafa Abdullah Yi̇lmazr, Oguz Caki̇r, Abbas Tarhan, Fethi Farouk Kebaili

Abstract:

Using a developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method, the phytochemical quantification of Hypericum's ethyl acetate fraction (EAFHT) and n-butanol fraction (BEHT) was accomplished. According to this approach, which showed the existence of 26 and 16 compounds in these fractions, respectively, quercitrin, epicatechin, isoquercitrin, gentisic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid were the main constituents of the EAFHT in considerably greater quantities than those of the BFHT. The cytotoxic potential of the extract fractions was evaluated using the MTT assay. The n-butanol fraction exhibited a mild to moderate anti-proliferative effect on the cancer cell lines Caco-2, SKOV-3 and T98G, while promoting a proliferative response in the non-cancerous fibroblast line L929. In contrast, the ethyl acetate fraction showed a strongly significant proliferative effect across cell lines, which was time and dose-dependent, suggesting the presence of bioactive compounds that enhance cell survival or metabolic activity rather than inducing cytotoxicity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using three methods: DPPH•, ABTS•+ and CUPRAC. In accordance with its highest polyphenolic content and highest concentrations of identified polyphenolics, the EAFHT showed more antioxidant activity than the BEHT. Moreover, the EAFHT (IC50:3.13±0.12 ug/mL) and the BEHT (IC50:5.22±0.74 ug/mL) showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the DPPH test. Furthermore, both the BFHT (IC50:24.36±0.22ug/mL) and the EAFHT (IC50:16.10±0.51 ug/mL) exhibited a higher BChE inhibitory effect than galantamine, which was used as a standard (IC50:46.48±0.18 ug/mL).

Keywords: antioxidant, antiacholinesterase activities, cytotoxicity, hypericum, LC-ESI-MS/MS, phenolic compounds

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Authors: Amelia Zhang, Ryan Ellingson, Patrick Krug

Abstract:

The prevalence of invasive plant species in ecosystems is one of the most pressing challenges in ecology today. This issue is particularly pronounced in the Los Angeles Oak Woodlands, where invasive Eucalyptus globulus trees are prevalent. These trees drip oils that increase the destructiveness of wildfires. To address the high populations of Eucalyptus globulus in Oak Woodlands via the use of fungal networks in the soil, this research examined how the presence of these trees affects Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungal networks within these ecosystems. Microsatellite genotyping was conducted on individual AM fungal genets (specifically the species Rhizophagusirregularis) and AM-connection-forming trees, using soil and root DNA samples collected from two similar plots in a Los Angeles County Oak Woodland ecosystem. One plot consisted entirely of native Juglans californica trees, while the other plot contained a mix of native Juglans californica trees and invasive Eucalyptus globulus trees. Networks were then constructed to illustrate all the individual tree-fungal connections within the soil samples and the impact of the Eucalyptus globulus presence in the plot on the network structure was assessed through network analysis.

Keywords: invasive plants, fungi network, DNA, network analysis, Oak woodland

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Authors: Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi

Abstract:

Coastal ecosystems along the Arabian coast are characterized by unique floristic diversity that has adapted to the region’s arid and semi-arid climate. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of plant species diversity, functional traits, and ecological resilience across these coastal habitats. The review highlights the ecological significance of key plant species, such as Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, and Halophytes, in maintaining coastal stability, supporting biodiversity, and providing ecosystem services. It further examines the adaptive strategies of these plants to extreme environmental conditions, including high salinity, extreme temperatures, and limited freshwater availability. The review also addresses major threats to coastal floristics, including habitat degradation due to oil pollution, coastal development, climate change, and invasive species. Conservation strategies for preserving plant diversity in these fragile ecosystems are discussed, emphasizing sustainable management, habitat restoration, and the importance of international collaboration in conservation efforts.

Keywords: Arabian coast, coastal ecosystems, plant diversity, conservation, climate adaptation

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Authors: S. V. Harini, M. Mano Bharathi, D. Mounisha, S. Prince Sahaya Brighty

Abstract:

Calculating co-curricular and curricular activities attended by the student in the present academic settings remains a time-consuming, error-prone manual process. This article discusses an automatic web-based Student Portfolio Management System that reduces activity points calculation and monitoring time. It comprises two separate dashboards (faculty and student) with their respective functionalities. Institutional email credentials are used to register students, and digital certificates are uploaded and processed via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to automatically categorize activities and reward points according to predefined rules. All records are stored in a chronologically sorted MySQL database. Campus faculty can track cohort progress, confirm submissions, and create customized reports in PDF/Word format. Deployed using ReactJS (frontend), Node.js (server-side), and MySQL (database), this solution minimizes administrative effort by 78% with increased accuracy and transparency in the evaluation of student performance. The solution indicates 92.4% classification accuracy over 15+ activity types with points updating in real-time and automatic alerting of compliance. The system optimizes tracking of engagement and enables data-informed educational decision making.

Keywords: student portfolio management, optical character recognition (OCR), natural language processing (NLP), activity point automation

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Authors: Gloria Amegatcher, Richard Opoku, Akua O. Forson

Abstract:

Background: K. pneumoniae is an important pathogen of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), frequently resisting several approved antibiotics for the bacterium’s treatment. The study aimed to explore the genomic characterization of multi-drug resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae isolates from KATH. Materials and Methods: 189 phenotypically identified K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) and confirmed with MALDI-TOF MS as K. pneumoniae. Antimicrobial resistance profiles were established using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with 10 antibiotics. Resistance patterns were determined using the WHONET tool. 45 MDR isolates were selected for sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted using a modified CTAB protocol, which included SDS lysis, CTAB-NaCl treatment, and ethanol precipitation as part of an organic extraction process. The whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the Illumina platform. The raw reads were analyzed using the Staramr pipeline to identify multi-locus sequence types (MLST), resistance genes (ResFinder), plasmid replicons (PlasmidFinder), and predicted antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Sequence types were assigned according to the Klebsiella pneumoniae MLST scheme. Result: 153/189 (82.5%) of the phenotypically identified isolates were confirmed to be truly K. pneumoniae. The average age was 36 years (range: 4 days to 86 years). The resistance rate was highest for Cefotaxime (89%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.5%). Meropenem-vaborbactam (98%), amikacin (81%), and ceftazidime-avibactam (76%) exhibited high susceptibility levels. 84% of isolates were predicted MDR. Predominant STs included ST-15 (15.6%), ST-147 (11.1%), and ST-11 (6.7%), with ST-15 commonly associated with blaNDM-1 (carbapenem resistance). Genomic analysis revealed widespread beta-lactam resistance, with blaCTX-M-15 (90% isolates) dominating ESBL production, while blaNDM-1 (17.8%) and blaOXA-181 (4.4%) drove carbapenem resistance. Co-resistance genes aac(6')-Ib-cr (75%), qnrS1 (40%), and armA (13.3%) conferred additional fluoroquinolone/aminoglycoside resistance. Key plasmids IncFIB(K) (55.6%) and IncHI1B (26.7%) facilitated dissemination of blaNDM-1 and qnrS1, underscoring their role in AMR spread. Significance: This study provides critical genomic insights into multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae circulating at a major tertiary hospital in Ghana. The dominance of high-risk clones such as ST15 and ST147, coupled with widespread carriage of bla-CTX-M-15, bla-NDM-1, and plasmid-mediated co-resistance elements, underscores a growing threat to antimicrobial efficacy. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted infection control strategies and robust genomic surveillance systems to monitor resistance evolution and guide empirical treatment in resource-limited settings.

Keywords: klebsiella pneumoniae, multi-drug resistance (MDR), whole genome sequencing (WGS), beta-lactam resistance

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Authors: Farhad Alipour

Abstract:

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely recognized for their distinctive properties, including lower toxicity compared to other metal nanoparticles, making them highly valuable in various scientific and industrial applications, particularly in healthcare and consumer products. The environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs, known as green synthesis, utilizes natural reducing and stabilizing agents derived from biological sources. In recent years, the medicinal plant Scrophularia striata Boiss., a staple in Asian traditional medicine, has emerged as an effective biological agent for the green synthesis of AgNPs, offering promising pharmaceutical properties. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using S. striata extracts have shown significant biomedical potential, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-scarring, and antioxidant activities. This review explores the promising therapeutic applications of green-synthesized AgNPs from S. striata, while addressing key challenges such as optimizing synthesis protocols, elucidating molecular mechanisms of action, and overcoming obstacles in scaling production for broader clinical and industrial adoption. The findings highlight the significant potential of S. striata-mediated AgNPs in advancing nanomedicine and their capacity to address critical health-related challenges.

Keywords: green synthesize, silver NPs, Scrophularia striata, biomedical applications

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Authors: Farhad Alipour

Abstract:

The unique properties of silver nanoparticles (NPs), such as their low toxicity compared to other metal NPs, render them highly valuable across various scientific and industrial fields, including healthcare and consumer products. The green synthesis of silver NPs is an eco-friendly and sustainable method that utilizes the natural reducing and stabilizing agents found in bio-organisms. In recent years, Scrophularia striata Boiss. (S. striata ), a medicinal plant in Asian folk medicine has gained significant attention as an effective reducing agent for synthesizing NPs with substantial pharmaceutical potential. Silver NPs synthesized using S. striata have demonstrated remarkable biomedical applications, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-scarring, and antioxidant effects. This review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of green-synthesized silver NPs derived from S. striata extracts while recognizing challenges in optimizing synthesis methods, understanding molecular mechanisms, and scaling up production for industrial and clinical applications. The findings underscore the immense promise of S. striata -assisted silver NPs in advancing nanomedicine and addressing critical scientific and medical challenges.

Keywords: green synthesize, silver NPs, scrophularia striata, biomedical applications

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Authors: Xiaodong Zhang, Mengyuan Lyu, Binwu Ying

Abstract:

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) diseases have emerged as a significant global health challenge due to their increasing incidence, diverse clinical manifestations, and varying treatment responses. This study aimed to characterize the genomic and phenotypic diversity of NTM strains in Southwest China to enhance understanding of their pathogenicity, drug resistance, and transmission dynamics. Between November 2017 and November 2023, 350 NTM strains were collected from West China Hospital, Sichuan University, with 274 isolates retained after quality control. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify subspecies, analyze drug resistance mechanism, and investigate phylogenetic relationships. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) assessed resistance profiles of NTM to commonly used clinical antibiotics. Among the isolates, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was predominant (53.3%), followed by Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) (28.5%), with smaller proportions of M. marinum (6.9%) and M. kansasii (3.6%). MAC isolates showed high resistance to doxycycline (91.4%) but low resistance to rifabutin and AMK (1.4%), while MABC exhibited near-universal resistance to imipenem (97.3%) but low resistance to cefoxitin (2.7%). Furthermore, we conducted WGS analyses of the strains to identify the antibiotic resistance genes they carry, thereby explaining the resistance mechanisms of MAC and MABC to commonly used clinical antibiotics. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analyses revealed significant clonal diversity, with MAC strains clustering into 12 sequence types (STs) and MABC into 15 STs, suggesting localized transmission. Notably, 28 M. intracellulare and 8 M. chimaera strains showed no SNP differences, indicating potential inter-patient transmission. MABC strains aligned with globally recognized dominant circulating clones (DCCs), with SNP distances suggesting transnational transmission. Phylogenetic integration with 572 global MAC and 655 MABC strains highlighted regional ST distributions and international transmission networks, particularly for DCC1, DCC3, DCC4, and DCC5. These findings underscore the genomic heterogeneity of NTM, the critical role of drug resistance genes, and the need for targeted infection control strategies. This comprehensive genomic and phenotypic profile provides a scientific foundation for improving NTM disease management in Southwest China and beyond.

Keywords: non-tuberculous mycobacteria, resistance, transmission, pathogenicity

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Authors: Chenglin Miao, Ziyi Yan, Li Liu, Yali Cui, Yongmei Jiang

Abstract:

Objectives: This study aims to characterize the virulence gene profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) isolates from Southwest China (2018–2022) and to investigate the molecular evolution and hypervirulence of mucoid serotype 3 lineages ST505 and ST180. Method: We performed whole-genome sequencing of 263 S. pneumoniae isolates using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Virulence genes were annotated with the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) via Prokka and ABRicate. Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs) defined lineage structures, and phylogenetic trees for ST505 (n=4) and ST180 (n=4) were reconstructed against 108 and 1,090 global PubMLST strains, respectively. Virulence differences were evaluated in Galleria mellonella lethality and murine pneumonia models. Result: Virulence genes plr/gapA, piuA, srtA, and psaA were present in 100% of isolates; ply, pavA, nanA, and lytA exceeded 98% prevalence. Serotypes 19F/19A carried iga (95.74/100% vs. 0%), pcpA (68.09/76.67% vs. 17.39%), and pspC (85.11/90% vs. 0%) at significantly higher rates than serotype 3 (P≤0.001), while pfbA was exclusive to serotype 3 (0/4.26% vs. 100%, P≤0.001). GPSC analysis showed significant heterogeneity in iga, cpsC, pcpA, lytC, and pfbA distributions among GPSC1/12/23 (P≤0.05). Phylogenetically, ST505 formed a distinct clade, indicating local adaptation, whereas ST180 intermingled with global isolates. In vivo, ST505 exhibited increased lethality in Galleria mellonella and higher bacterial loads in murine lungs (P<0.01). Conclusion: This study delineates the regional virulence gene landscape of S. pneumoniae and reveals the localized evolution of hypervirulent serotype 3 lineages, providing molecular epidemiological evidence to inform vaccine development and infection control strategies.

Keywords: streptococcus pneumoniae, virulence genes, serotype 3, molecular epidemiology, ST505, phylogenetic analysis

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Authors: Jyoti Sharma, Jyoti Shekhawat, Mithu Banerjee

Abstract:

Background: Head and neck cancers are the cancers of upper aerodigestive tract which includes oral cavity, mucosal part of lip, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and salivary gland. Head and neck cancers have high prevalence in southeast Asia and Australia. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs with the length of 18-22 nucleotides. They mediate post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNA 383 and miRNA 133a has been studied as tumor suppressor micro-RNA in various cancers. In this study,it analysed combination of miRNA 383 and miRNA 133a as a potential biomarker in head and neck cancer. Aim: To study miRNA 383 and miRNA 133aexpression in head and neck cancer and to analyse them as potential biomarkers Methodology: The study included 50 biopsy diagnosed cases of head and neck cancer and 50 sex and aged matched controls. RTqPCR was performed formiRNAexpression and was studied by 2-∆∆ct method. P-value <0.05 was taken significant. ROC analysis was performed to analyse the diagnostic value. Results: fold change expression ofmiRNA 383(p-value 0.0003) and miRNA 133a (p-value <0.0001) was downregulated and ROC data analysis shows significant result with AUC of 0.843 and sensitivity of 86%,specificity of 68%, optimum cut off 0.77with 95% CI 1.464, 3.806 Conclusions: miRNA 383 and miRNA 133aare underexpressed in head and cancers and can be used as potential biomarkers.

Keywords: microRNAs, miRNA 383, miRNA 133a, head and neck cancers

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Authors: Patrick Manda, Harriet Nankya, Blessings Kapumba

Abstract:

The rapid digitization of healthcare systems across Africa has brought Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) or Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to the forefront of medical practice, presenting both transformative opportunities and profound ethical challenges. This narrative review critically examines the multifaceted ethical dilemmas emerging from EMR/EHR implementation across African healthcare systems, with particular focus on four key dimensions: data ownership frameworks, patient privacy protections, secondary data usage policies, and meaningful stakeholder engagement. The analysis reveals that current approaches to digital health records often fail to adequately address these ethical concerns, potentially exacerbating existing healthcare disparities in low-resource settings. Central to these ethical challenges is the unresolved question of data ownership. In many African contexts, unclear legal frameworks create power imbalances where patient data becomes subject to institutional control or commercial exploitation without proper consent mechanisms. This raises fundamental questions about autonomy and justice, as patients, particularly in rural or marginalized communities, may lack awareness of how their sensitive health information is being used or shared. The review identifies an urgent need for legislation that clearly defines data rights while balancing public health interests with individual protection. Privacy concerns represent another critical ethical frontier. The potential for unauthorized secondary use of health data, whether for research, insurance purposes, or commercial ventures, creates significant vulnerabilities. Many existing systems lack robust encryption, access controls, or audit trails, leaving sensitive information exposed. Furthermore, the ethical principle of informed consent is frequently compromised through complex user agreements or inadequate patient education. These shortcomings become particularly problematic when considering cultural variations in privacy norms across different African societies, suggesting the need for context-specific privacy frameworks rather than imported Western models. The ethical imperative of stakeholder engagement emerges as a recurring theme. Current EMR/EHR implementations often suffer from a ‘top-down’ approach where system designers fail to incorporate perspectives from frontline healthcare workers, local administrators, or patient communities. This exclusion raises concerns about distributive justice and beneficence, as systems designed without local input may not address actual clinical needs or may inadvertently create new barriers to care. In this review, we highlight successful case studies where participatory design methods have led to more ethically sound and clinically useful systems. Additional ethical considerations include the risk of algorithmic bias in clinical decision support tools, the digital divide exacerbating healthcare inequalities, and the special protections needed for sensitive data related to HIV/AIDS, mental health, or other stigmatized conditions. The analysis also explores the tension between data localization requirements and the practical realities of cloud-based storage solutions. The analysis of evidence from across the continent through this review proposes an ethical framework for EMR/EHR implementation that prioritizes (1) clear data governance policies with defined ownership structures, (2) privacy-by-design technical solutions adapted to local contexts, (3) effective community engagement throughout the development lifecycle, and (4) ongoing monitoring for unintended consequences. The findings underscore that ethical EMR/EHR systems must balance efficiency gains with fundamental rights protections, ensuring Africa's digital health revolution does not come at the cost of patient autonomy or equitable care access.

Keywords: data ownership, digital health, electronic medical records, ethics, health equity, patient privacy, stakeholder engagement.

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Authors: Housna Zidoune, Asma Boukri, Nassim Nouri, Djalila Chellat-Rezgoune, Anu Bashamboo, Kenneth McElreavey

Abstract:

Background : 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by mutations in the CYP17A1 gene. This gene encodes the P450c17 enzyme, which is essential for the production of cortisol and sex steroids in the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes. The classic form of 17OHD, resulting from a total loss of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase activities, is characterized by severe hypertension, hypokalemia, primary amenorrhea, and sexual infantilism in women 46,XX, along with an absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Additionally, low levels of estrogens, androgens, and cortisol trigger a compensatory increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, leading to the stimulation of mineralocorticoid precursor synthesis. Objective: The aim of this study is to present the clinical and genetic characteristics of an Algerian woman with a classic form of 17OHD.Case Report : it report a 28-year-old woman with a 46,XX karyotype, from a first-degree consanguineous marriage in Eastern Algeria, who had hypoplasia of the external genitalia. A pelvic ultrasound reveals a small, undifferentiated uterine structure and prepubertal ovaries with a fibrous appearance, without visible follicular components. The hormonal profile reveals high levels of FSH (99.47 mIU/L) and LH (76.41 mIU/L), normal testosterone (0.39 ng/mL), low cortisol (8 mg/L), and elevated ACTH (>1250 pg/mL). Clinical features include iron-deficiency anemia, hypertension, and peripheral adrenal insufficiency, likely related to a 17OHD enzyme block. Ovarian insufficiency is manifested by primary amenorrhea, delayed puberty (A1P1S2), low estradiol levels (<10 pg/mL), and a bone age of 10 years as of 2014.Methods and Results : Blood samples were collected from the patient and her unaffected parents for whole exome sequencing (WES). The analysis identified a rare homozygous missense variant, p.Met1Arg, in exon 1 of the CYP17A1 gene. This variant, with a minor allelic frequency of 8.517e-7 in European (non-Finnish) populations, had not been previously reported. The potential pathogenicity of this variant was assessed in silico using PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and MutationTaster. The variant was classified as “probably damaging”, “damaging”, and “disease-causing”, respectively by those bioinformatics tools. Clinically, 17OHD was suspected in the proband, and this genetic finding has confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the homozygous missense variant NM_000102:exon1:c.T2G:p.M1R, which resulted in the classic form of 17OHD and was predicted to be potentially deleterious. Our findings thus contribute to a deeper understanding of the clinical evaluations and molecular basis of this rare disorder.

Keywords: 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, WES, CYP17A1, homozygous variant

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Authors: C. Gatoto, D. Nduwarugira, L. Ndayikeza

Abstract:

To contribute to biodiversity conservation in the Palmeraie sector of the RNP through effective management of the Mpanda cemetery, a study was carried out to assess the impact of the extension of the Mpanda cemetery on the specific diversity of pollinating insects. In order to meet this objective, an inventory and identification of pollinating insect species and their host plants were carried out, as well as an analysis of the impact of anthropogenic activities on insect species diversity. Insect sampling was carried out using traps consisting of yellow, blue, and white bins. These traps were placed along the transects. Entomological nets were also used to capture insects foraging on the flowers of their host plants. The results obtained showed an abundance of pollinating insects in the park (858 specimens) compared to the cemetery (855 specimens) and the agro-ecosystem (606 specimens), as well as a diversity of 36 species in the park, 35 species in the cemetery, and 32 species in the agro-ecosystem. The species found in the park are divided into 9 families, those found in the cemetery are divided into 11 families, and those found in the agro-ecosystem are also divided into 11 families. The family Apidae was found abundantly and commonly in all sites, with 49% of all individuals collected, even the species Apis mellifera with 27.1%. A particularly high abundance and diversity of pollinators were observed in the area of the cemetery with new concrete graves (400 specimens divided into 11 families and 24 species). Thus, the part of the cemetery with old concrete graves and the area of the cemetery with non-concrete graves showed, respectively, 238 specimens distributed in 8 families and 17 species and 217 specimens distributed in 10 families and 16 species. Among the insect pollinator host plants collected, Bidens pilosa was the most visited, with eight species of potential insect pollinators, representing 26.6% of all species collected. The plant Gymnanthemum amygdalinum was particularly frequented by a large number of insects, representing 10% of all insects captured on 35 host plant species collected. The species Apis mellifera was the most frequent flower visitor, being observed on 27 of the 35 host plant species collected. The analysis of the similarity between their specific compositions of pollinating insects shows a similarity between the three sampling sites. Overall, this study shows that anthropogenic activities can impact insect pollinators differently.

Keywords: insect, pollination, diversity, cemetery

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Authors: Sulkhan Inaishvili, Lela Shengelia

Abstract:

The digital transformation of healthcare in Georgia introduces new ethicalchallenges in protecting patient privacy. The adoption of electronichealth records (EHRs) and telemedicine has heightenedconcernsregarding data security, informed consent, and confidentiality.This paper explores the ethical dilemmas surrounding data protection in Georgian healthcare, including the risks of unauthorized access, the ethical duty of healthcare providers, and the role of institutional policies. A cross-sectionalstudy was done in Georgia, and about 16% of hospitals participated. A total of 412 doctors and nurses participated, serving as a representativesample of the workforce in the Georgianhealthcare system.The study revealed thatthe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) positively influences privacy standards, however, implementation gaps persist in clinical practice. The Georgian healthcare sector faces challenges in establishing best practices and aligningwith global ethical standards in the digital era. It is recommended to enhance digital ethics, ensure patient trust, and strengthen regulatory frameworks in the country.

Keywords: data privacy, GDPR, bioethics, challanges in healthcare

Procedia PDF Downloads 16

Authors: Housna Zidoune, Asma Boukri, Nassim Nouri, Djalila Chellat-Rezgoune, Anu Bashamboo, Kenneth McElreavey

Abstract:

Background : 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by mutations in the CYP17A1 gene. This gene encodes the P450c17 enzyme, which is essential for the production of cortisol and sex steroids in the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes. The classic form of 17OHD, resulting from a total loss of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase activities, is characterized by severe hypertension, hypokalemia, primary amenorrhea, and sexual infantilism in women 46,XX, along with an absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Additionally, low levels of estrogens, androgens, and cortisol trigger a compensatory increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, leading to the stimulation of mineralocorticoid precursor synthesis. Objective: The aim of this study is to present the clinical and genetic characteristics of an Algerian woman with a classic form of 17OHD. Case Report : We report a 28-year-old woman with a 46,XX karyotype, from a first-degree consanguineous marriage in Eastern Algeria, who had hypoplasia of the external genitalia. A pelvic ultrasound reveals a small, undifferentiated uterine structure and prepubertal ovaries with a fibrous appearance, without visible follicular components. The hormonal profile reveals high levels of FSH (99.47 mIU/L) and LH (76.41 mIU/L), normal testosterone (0.39 ng/mL), low cortisol (8 mg/L), and elevated ACTH (>1250 pg/mL). Clinical features include iron-deficiency anemia, hypertension, and peripheral adrenal insufficiency, likely related to a 17OHD enzyme block. Ovarian insufficiency is manifested by primary amenorrhea, delayed puberty (A1P1S2), low estradiol levels (<10 pg/mL), and a bone age of 10 years as of 2014. Methods and Results : Blood samples were collected from the patient and her unaffected parents for whole exome sequencing (WES). The analysis identified a rare homozygous missense variant, p.Met1Arg, in exon 1 of the CYP17A1 gene. This variant, with a minor allelic frequency of 8.517e-7 in European (non-Finnish) populations, had not been previously reported. The potential pathogenicity of this variant was assessed in silico using PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and MutationTaster. The variant was classified as “probably damaging”, “damaging”, and “disease-causing”, respectively by those bioinformatics tools. Clinically, 17OHD was suspected in the proband, and this genetic finding has confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the homozygous missense variant NM_000102:exon1:c.T2G:p.M1R, which resulted in the classic form of 17OHD and was predicted to be potentially deleterious. Our findings thus contribute to a deeper understanding of the clinical evaluations and molecular basis of this rare disorder.

Keywords: 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, WES, CYP17A1

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Authors: Anastasia Zanni

Abstract:

AI is changing organ transplantation across the globe by speeding up processes and improving coordination. This change raises pressing ethical concerns around transparency, inclusion, and justice. This particular study evaluates the use of AI in organ transplantation from a multi-level bioethical perspective. It examines European regulation, clinical case studies, and cultural components, with particular attention to the Greek experience. The paper employs normative analysis and ethical reflexivity to explore how AI can improve and also undermine medical decision-making. Findings show that unchecked AI systems may reinforce social biases and exclude vulnerable groups. Examples from France, Spain, and Greece demonstrate that ethical deliberation, narrative integration, and cultural sensitivity can enhance fairness. Bioethical mediation is proposed as a means for AI in transplantation to support not only clinical outcomes but also human dignity and relational care.

Keywords: AI, bioethics, algorithmic justice, healthcare, governance

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Authors: A. Wenter, C. Andreotti, D. Zanotelli, M. Keller

Abstract:

The grape ripening disorder known as berry sour shrivel (BS) is believed to have a physiological origin, but its exact causes are still unknown. Sudden environmental changes might contribute. We examined whether BS could be triggered by water stress until veraison, followed by irrigation with water at different temperatures. In a field trial with deficit-irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in arid southeastern Washington, irrigation withholding during the lag phase of berry development and resumption at veraison was tested over two consecutive years. The applied water had either ambient water temperature or was ice-cooled. Measurements of soil moisture, leaf water potential, and leaf gas exchange revealed that interrupting irrigation caused moderate to severe water stress in the plants before rewatering. Cooling the irrigation water reduced soil temperature for some days but had little effect on the vine's recovery from water stress. Rewatering at 50% veraison significantly increased BS incidence, while rewatering at 5% veraison did not. Cooling the irrigation water increased the BS incidence only slightly. In conclusion, these results suggest that sudden changes in plant water availability and water temperature may be involved in triggering BS. These findings are useful to inform vineyard irrigation and soil management strategies that minimize abrupt fluctuations in soil moisture and temperature around veraison.

Keywords: color change, ripening disorder, soil moisture, water management

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Authors: Haotian Yu, Zuhong Lu, Quanjun Liu

Abstract:

Due to its high physical density and excellent durability, DNA data storage has become an extremely attractive storage solution. Compared with traditional storage media, DNA storage can not only accommodate massive amounts of data in an extremely small space but also can be preserved for thousands of years under suitable conditions, far exceeding the lifespan of existing hard disks, tapes and other media. Efficient and rapid random access to the required stored data is a key element of any data storage system, and this feature is particularly important when facing the ever-increasing volume of data. In this context, we propose a method that utilizes the conformational changes of DNA driven by electricity to promote or inhibit the transcription of the T7 promoter, thereby achieving random access to DNA information. Specifically, by applying a specific voltage, the conformation of the DNA molecule can be altered, which in turn controls the activity of the T7 promoter. When the promoter is activated, it initiates the transcription process, transcribing the target DNA sequence into RNA and thus reading the stored information, while when the promoter is inhibited, it prevents the transcription process, protecting the unaccessed data from being misread. One significant advantage of this method lies in that the electrical drive provides physical addresses for accessing specific information, eliminating the need to design complex sequence address sets. Traditional DNA storage methods typically rely on specific sequences as ‘addresses’, which not only increases the encoding complexity but also limits the capacity of information that can be stored. In contrast, the electrical drive method simplifies the addressing process, allowing the space of the encoding sequence to be expanded, thereby enhancing the theoretical storage density and capacity. Furthermore, the T7 promoter does not cause any damage to the DNA molecule during the in-situ transcription of DNA information, ensuring the integrity and stability of the data. This means that once written, it can be read multiple times, significantly enhancing the utilization rate of the data. This is particularly important for data storage applications that require frequent access, such as archive management, medical records, and scientific research fields. More importantly, the random access to the electrode array chip reveals the possibility of compatibility with future DNA synthesis technologies. With the continuous advancement of DNA synthesis technology, the cost of synthesis is gradually decreasing, and the speed is significantly increasing, which paves the way for the practical application of DNA storage. The electrode array chip can not only be used to read existing DNA data but also directly participate in the DNA synthesis process, further promoting the integration and miniaturization development of DNA storage systems.

Keywords: DNA storage, electro-switchable DNA, random access, T7 promoter

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Authors: Mauricio Martínez García, Elizabeth Pérez Rodríguez, Luis Enrique Amaro Lara, Rafael Carreño Olvera, Jesús Alejandro Gómez Pérez, Mario Alberto Rodríguez Cruz

Abstract:

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), is a neurodegenerative disease that has causes progressive neurological deterioration affecting cerebral and spinal motor functions, causing initial damage to speech and voice production. Thos disease has become a global health crisis. In particular, the prevalence ranges between 3.4 and 12.3 per 100,000 inhabitants and, according to the Ministry of Health, in Mexico it affects around 7,000 inhabitants in this country. This project aims to contribute to non-invasive diagnosis through early detection of ALS. it propose to use the aforementioned symptoms for the training and validation of an intelligent computing system based on neural networks, for the purpose of detecting the disease in early stages, thus contributing to aminorate its impact and consequences.

Keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neural networks, intelligent computing, speech wave analysis

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Authors: Francis Smet, Giuliano Ferrero, Elena A. Levashina, J.Toggweiler

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Studying vector biology, toxicological screening of insecticides and genetic studies on insects and parasites requires the need for automation and higher throughput technologies. Large particle flow cytometers from Union Biometrica provide automation for the analysis and dispensing of insect larvae (e.g. mosquito and drosophila), small model organisms (e.g. C. elegans), parasites, seeds, and fragile cells and cell clusters that are too large or fragile for traditional flow cytometers. By automating the currently, Time-consuming manual processes, the time required for experiments is dramatically reduced, human error is eliminated, and experiments that previously could not be considered are now possible. Here we demonstrate the possibilities of this technology using mosquito larvae. COPAS and BioSorter flow cytometers allow the analysis of particles with diameters of 40-700μm in a continuously flowing stream at a rate up to 300 objects/second. It measures several parameters: size (TOF, Time of Flight), optical density (EXT, Extinction), internal complexity (SSC, side scatter) and the intensity of fluorescent markers (3 simultaneously). Once analyzed, objects are sorted according to user-selectable criteria and then maybe dispensed into stationary bulk receptacles or multi-well micro-titer plates for high-throughput screening

Keywords: screening, mosquito, insects, automation, drosophila

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Authors: Abdullah Al Busaidi, Azza Al Rashdi, Adil Al-Wahaibi, Amina Al-Jardani

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Introduction: Invasive diseases caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae are major public health problem worldwide. Nasopharyngeal carriage rate depends on multiple risk factors. National carriage study is crucial for vaccination implantation and disease control. Methods: A community based cross-sectional carriage pilot study conducted during one month period September - October 2023 in multiple local health centers. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the participants after obtaining consent form and filling in the online questionnaire. Organisms of interest were recovered using both culture methods and direct PCR. Results: Carriage prevalence for any of these organisms in all examinations was 23.1% (15/65). Non of the subjects were carrier for N. meningitides. The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in all examinations was 16.9% while the prevalence of H. influenzae carriage in all examinations was 10.8%. Conclusions: Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae might be low in Omani population compared to what is reported worldwide. However, no conclusion can be drawn currently as the study needs to be continued for more accurate results.

Keywords: invasive diseases neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, carriage, serogroups, serotypes, vaccination, epidemiology, family, and community

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Authors: Jianan Li

Abstract:

Background: Follow-up of cochlear implant effectiveness is mainly focused on 3 years postoperatively, and studies with more than 5 years of observation are rare, especially for local Chinese brands. Objectives: Nurotron (Chinese domestic cochlear implant brand) CI recipients who participated in the clinical trial in 2009 were followed-up for 10 years prospectively, providing data to guide doctors and patients. Material and Methods: From December 2009 to April 2010, 57 subjects underwent Nurotron Venus CI surgery at multiple centers and were continued to be followed up and assessed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 years after switching on. Results: All recipients were successfully implanted with CIs with no difficulty in subsequent use, with one reported case of re-implantation 9 years after implantation. The aided hearing thresholds were significantly improved one month after switching on (p<0.0001) and remained stable afterward for 10 years. Speech recognition scores were significantly higher than pre-operative results (p<0.05) and continued to improve till 3 years after switching on. At 10 years of post-operation, most subjects had improved QOL scores in most sub-items. Conclusions and Significance: Nurotron Venus CI System provides long-term, stable results in hearing speech assistance capabilities and can improve the quality of life of CI recipients.

Keywords: follow-up, post-lingual hearing loss, local Chinese brands, cochlear implant

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Authors: Abdulaziz Rabiu Abdulkadir, Muhammad Murtala Namadina, Ahmad Muhammad Indee, S. Y. Mudi

Abstract:

Inflammation is called Kumburi by Hausa tribe of northern Nigeria. Inflammation is a defensive response of the body, caused by numerous stimuli such as infectious agents, environmental factors, ischemia, physiological and pathological factors, antigen–antibody reactions and free radicals. This research was carried out with the aim to documents and evaluate the traditional methods used for the management of inflammatory conditions in Kano State, Nigeria. Ethnobotanical study for the medicinal plants used in the management of inflammatory diseases was conducted between the periods of october, 2024 – December, 2024 in Kano State. Medicinal plant information was collected using scientifically organized questionnaire.The respondents were all traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) that Specialise in traditional medicine and other healers (crown traditional healers in Hausa land). The data obtained from the survey were analyzed using three ethnobotanical indices: frequency of citation (FC), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), and fidelity level (FL). A total of 24 plants species belonging to 15 families were recorded, Senna occidentalis had the highest FC, RFC and FL with 7, 0.39 and 38.89 respectively, follow by Ficus sycomorus having 3, 0.17 and 16.67 for FC, RFC and FL respectively. Nevertheless, Caliotropis procera, Mitracarpus villosus, Jatropha curcas L. and Allium sativum revealed 2, 0.11 and 11.11 for FC, RFC and FL respectively. While the rest showed least FC, RFC and FL of 1, 0.06 and 5.56 respectively. These 5 plants species with high FC, RFC and FL should be investigated scientifically to confirm their acclaimed anti-inflammatory potential with the view to develop new drug.

Keywords: ethnobotanical, inflammation, management, medicinal plants, survey

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Authors: A. Baati

Abstract:

Functional symmetry recovery is crucial in lower limb rehabilitation, especially after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Persistent asymmetries increase re-injury risk and hinder sports return. The Side Hop Test (SHT) is commonly used but relies on jump count and subjective observation. The development of dedicated software integrating force platforms for the side hop test (SHT) analysis represents a major advancement in biomechanical assessment and rehabilitation. This study aims to create a computer program, with Labview, capable of analyzing SHT performance using force-time and spatio-temporal metrics. For the purpose of the study, collecting 15 force measuements from healthy subjects will help the system establish an insight into normative values and enhance objective functional evaluation. The software will provide real-time results, enabling therapists to assess movement quality, fatigue, and return-to-sport readiness beyond traditional symmetry indices. The Side Hop Analysis Device (SHAD) ensures precise, comprehensive, and personalized rehabilitation monitoring, optimizing performance assessment and injury prevention.

Keywords: Side hop test, force plates, labview, functional performance

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Authors: Momina Ali, Wajid Arshad Abbasi, Syed Ali Abbas, Maryum Bibi, Saiqa Andleeb, Muhammad Naveed Akhtar, Amsa Shabir

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The prediction of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions (HPPPIs) is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of infectious diseases and developing effective therapies. Experimental methods for identifying these interactions are time-consuming and expensive, and there is a need for efficient computational methods to predict these interactions. In this study, we propose an approach for predicting HPPPIs that combines sequence-derived structural features with de novo sampling for negative examples. Firstly, we extract structural features from the amino acid sequences of the host and pathogen proteins using a computational tool. These features include pseudo-amino acid compositions (PseAAC), autocorrelation features: normalized Moreau–Broto autocorrelation, Moran autocorrelation, Geary autocorrelation, composition, transition, distribution, and sequence order. Then, we develop a machine learning model that combines these structural features with the DeNovo sampling of non-interacting proteins to predict HPIs. The DeNovo sampling technique and sequence-derived structural features increase the likelihood of identifying HPIs and improve the accuracy of the predictions. To evaluate the performance of our method, we apply it to a dataset of known HPIs and compare its results with those of other state-of-the-art methods. According to our findings, our method performs better than other methods in terms of accuracy and sensitivity. By employing a proper cross-validation scheme, we have been able to portray real generalization performance where host-pathogen interactions were not supposed to be known at the training time. We also demonstrate the applicability of our approach to predict HPIs between newly sequenced proteins. Overall, our study provides a valuable tool for predicting HPIs and advancing our understanding of infectious diseases.

Keywords: machine learning, protein interactions, infectious diseases, host-pathogen interactions, predictive modeling, protein sequence

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Authors: Lengerova G., Raycheva R., Kalchev Y., Rachkovska Z., Angelova A., Hristozova E., Mitreva M., Kantardjiev T., Petrov M. М.

Abstract:

Introduction: Current knowledge of the frequency and etiology of bloodstream infections (BSIs) is important for guiding research, setting health policies, and taking effective measures to prevent BSIs at the local and national levels. Aim: The present study characterizes the current status and changes in etiological structure and antimicrobial resistance of BSIs in University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Materials and methods: The study was conducted аt the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, MU-Plovdiv from January 2015 to January 2025. All blood cultures were cultivated in the BactAlert 3D system (bioMerieux) and the microorganisms were identified by routine biochemical methods, semi-automated and automated systems for microbial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Bauer-Kirby disk-diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the VITEK-2 Compact automated system (bioMerieux). Results: For the studied period we tested 29 866 blood cultures and 6869 (23%) of them were positive. The laboratory receives an average of 2986.6 blood cultures per year, and the average increase in the received materials. Gram-positive isolates (70.9%; n=4861) predominate over Gram-negative (26%; n=1779) and fungi (3,2% n =223). Over 70% of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) demonstrated constitutive MLS resistance phenotype. There was a decreasing tendency in methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii continued to be problematic nosocomial pathogens with pronounced polyresistance. An increase in antibiotic resistance to beta-lactams and carbapenems in Gram-negative enteric bacteria was observed. Conclusion: The knowledge of the etiological structure of BSIs and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates helps health professionals make informed decisions and find better care for their patients. These are the keys to a successful empiric and definitive antimicrobial treatment of these infections.

Keywords: blood cultures, BSIs, antimicrobial susceptibility, etiological structure

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Authors: Premila N. Achar, Alaina McClelland, Ari J. Schwartz, Mohammad A. Halim

Abstract:

Aspergillus flavus poses significant economic and health risks in peanuts due to contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study examines the synergistic effects of Clove and Cinnamon Essential Oils (EOs) as biocontrol agents against A. flavus and the production of AFB1 in Georgia peanuts. A. flavus isolated from peanuts was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and incubated at 25°C for 6 days. The synergistic activity of the two EOs was tested at 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm (Pinto et al. 2009). Ten µL of 1mL A. flavus suspension was inoculated at center of 30 Rose Bengal agar plates. After 5 days of incubation, various concentrations of Clove EO were micro-pipetted at center of 10 of the plates. The experiment was repeated with Cinnamon EO in another set of 10 plates. A third set of 10 plates was inoculated with combined EOs. Tween 20 (0.05%) served as negative and fungicide as positive controls. Experiments were replicated thrice and incubated similarly. After incubation, the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MIC) and Maximum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the EOs were determined by measuring fungal colony diameters. AFB1 quantification was done by Ion Monitoring (SIM) based Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using Orbitrap Exploris™ 240. AFB1 standard was used. A t-test was performed to assess statistical significance. MIC data indicated reduced fungal growth with increasing concentrations of Clove and Cinnamon oils. The reduction was significantly greater when they were combined, especially at 2500 ppm. Similarly, quantification indicated that AFB1 reduction was significantly higher at 2500 ppm when both EOs were combined. It findings prove that Cinnamon and Clove EOs have a synergistic antifungal effect against A. flavus and have potential when combined as a biocontrol agent against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts. It demonstrate in our study that clove oil could be a promising natural fungicide for an effective biocontrol, non-toxic bio-preservative, and an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts. Future studies will focus on the synergistic effect of these EOs against contaminated peanuts.

Keywords: aspergillus flavus, biological control, essential oils, peanuts

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Authors: Pawel Grochulski, Michel Fodje, Scott Rosendahl, Ning Zhu, Ibi Bondici

Abstract:

The Biological and Life Sciences (Bio/Life) Department, an essential unit at the Canadian Light Source, is composed of several facilities: Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility (CMCF), Biomedical Imaging and Therapy Facility (BMIT), Biological X-ray Spectroscopy (BioXAS) and Mid Infrared Spectro-microscopy (Mid-IR). For the last 5 years the Bio/Life Department contributed to more than 100 peer-reviewed publications annually. The health and life sciences investigations ranged from brain diseases, bone diseases, COVID-19, malaria treatment, cancer therapy, developing new medicines, small and mid-size live animals’ studies, TB treatement, as well as connective tissues imaging. This presentation will highlight the most important discoveries resulting from our work.

Keywords: mid-IR, structural biology, synchrotron medical imaging, XAS

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Authors: Fatemeh zeydvand, Afagh Bapirzadeh, Bijan Bambai

Abstract:

Genetic diseases resulting from inherited or de novo mutations in the genome remain a significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Traditional therapies often address the symptoms without resolving the underlying genetic abnormalities, leaving patients with limited options for long-term solutions. CRISPR technology has demonstrated remarkable success in preclinical and early clinical studies. For instance, monogenic disorders such as sickle cell anaemia and beta-thalassemia, which are currently in the clinical trial phase for Iranian patients. Similarly, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in vivo delivery of CRISPR components has corrected mutations in animal models, restoring dystrophin expression and improving muscle function. CRISPR-based kits for diagnosis purposes are currently used in Iran laboratories and the efficiency of their applications has been proven so far. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in treating genetic diseases and the challenges that Iranian researchers face throughout the research phases of clinical trials. The focus is on elucidating its mechanisms of action, demonstrating its application in preclinical and clinical settings, and discussing the challenges and ethical considerations associated with its use. CRISPR-Cas9 represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of genetic diseases, moving from symptom management to precise genetic corrections. Its versatility and precision make it a powerful tool for tackling a wide range of genetic disorders, including monogenic and polygenic conditions. By investigating the underlying gaps in the application of CRISPR technology and the industrial dimensions of CRISPR-related productions, which have experienced immense growth in recent years, Iranian scientists can benefit from diverse applications of CRISPR technology in upcoming years.

Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9, genome editing, anaemia, DMD, kit

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