World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

Authors: Evangelia Birliraki, Nikolaos Birlirakis, Panagiota Psirofonia, Eleftherios Alissandrakis

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Pollen is crucial for honeybee nutrition as it provides essential components such as protein, lipids, sterols, metals and trace elements, vitamins and various others. This work describes the effort to correlate the amount of pollen a beehive collects with various parameters of the hive. As expected, positive correlations were found between the amount of pollen collected and hive population (Pearson=0,868, p=0,001), while also with hive brood (Pearson=0,867, p=0,011). Honey production was not correlated either with population, brood, or the amount of pollen collected. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between the weight of newly emerged bees and the amount of brood in the hive (Pearson=-0,868, p=0,001). These results point out the significance of the amount of pollen a beehive collects and underline the importance of the artificial diet during natural pollen scarce.

Keywords: bee pollen, honeybee nutrition, hive population, hive brood

Procedia PDF Downloads 13

Authors: Constantinos Thomadakis, Nikolaos Birlirakis, Panagiota Psirofonia, Eleftherios Alissandrakis

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Nosemosis comprises the disease caused by two fungal pathogens, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Main symptoms include population decrease, loss of vitality, less brood and, consequently, reduced honey production. Control methods include the use of preventive techniques, natural substances and antibiotics, the latter have been banned in EU. This research aims to evaluate the addition of thymol, propolis extract and their combination in sugar syrup compared to the use of fumagillin as control method. Population, brood and nosema infection were measured in four samplings starting from late February to mid-November. Results showed that thymol may have a negative short-term impact on population and brood of the hive, yet in the end, population and brood were higher. Regarding nosema infection, results showed that non-treated hives had almost 3-fold higher spore numbers compared to treated ones. Fumagillin was no better than all three treatments pointing that nosema can be controlled without the use of antibiotics. Additionally, propolis extract is a promising alternative to maintain the health of honeybees and needs further attention as a natural remedy for nosemosis.

Keywords: nosemosis, nosema, non-chemical control, thymol, propolis extract

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Authors: Muhammad Naeem

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Early-stage exposure to foodborne substances, such as brightening agent titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs), can cause long-term effects in adulthood. In this study, using rabbits as an experimental animal model, we aimed to explore the potential adverse effects of long-term dietary intake of TiO₂NPs. Starting from weaning onward, we fed TiO₂NPs to the treatment group of rabbits for 90 days. Results reflected reduced body weight and induced intestinal inflammation in the positive control group. However, this phenomenon was not observed in the gut microbiota removed rabbit group. TiO₂NPs exposure rarely affected the diversity of microbial communities, but significantly decreased the abundance of several probiotic taxa, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Moreover, TiO₂NPs aggravated DSS-induced chronic colitis and immune response in vivo, and reduced the population of CD+T cells, regulatory T cells, and macrophages in mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, it proves that dietary exposure to TiO₂NPs interferes with the balance of the immune system and dynamics of gut microbiome, which may result in low-grade intestinal inflammation and aggravated immunological response to external stimuli, thus potential health risk.

Keywords: inflammation, Titanium dioxide, gut-microbes, food additives

Procedia PDF Downloads 7

Authors: Khafallah Imene, Gacem Habiba

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The present research examined the capability of a camel whey lactoferrin extract as a natural bio-preservative to extend the shelf life of cow's milk, camel milk, and a variety of natural fruit juice, including orange, strawberry, and lemon juice. It is shown in this study that lactoferrin has an excellent antimicrobial effect and, therefore, helps with the preservation of the products while keeping them fresh at refrigeration temperature (18°C). Fresh cow's milk was shown to have a shelf life of 3 days at 20 µg/mL and 7 days at 100 µg/mL lactoferrin. The shelf life for fresh camel milk was increased by 5 days at a low concentration of 15 µg/mL and increased by 10 days at 50 µg/L. The shelf life of natural orange juice was increased by 3 days at a dosage of 20 µg/mL and by 5 days at 50 µg/mL of lactoferrin. The shelf life of natural strawberry juice was increased by 2 days at 20 µg/mL and by 5 days at 200 µg/mL, whereas the shelf life of natural lemon juice was increased by 6 days at a low concentration of 20 µg/mL and increased by 8 days at a high concentration of 100 µg/ml. These results illustrate the considerable preservative capacity of camel whey lactoferrin as a bioactive compound that can also be used to increase the shelf life of a variety of fresh liquid food products. Camel whey lactoferrin is an ideal bioactive compound to use as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives for human consumption.

Keywords: bioactive, bioactive compounds, camel whey lactoferrin, food preservation, shelf life extension

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Authors: Alabi Olufemi Mobolaji, Adeleye Bobola Emmanuel

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Sheep are highly social animals that love being in the comfort of their flock, and anything that separates or isolates them from their flock subjects them to stress.12 West African Dwarf weaned rams were allotted into 6 different pens each in isolation. The pens were enriched with coloured walls and mirror. T1- control with no enrichment; T2- enriched with mirror only; T3- enriched with mirror and red coloured wall; T4- enriched with mirror and green coloured wall; T5- enriched with mirror and red coloured wall; T6-enriched with mirror and yellow coloured wall.Each treatment got replicated twice with one ram. The experiment lasted 6 weeks during which data were collected on feeding patterns, water consumption, vocalization frequency, time spent on specific behaviors such as eating, drinking, walking, self image watching, resting and frequency of head-butt toward the self image in the mirror. The behaviors were captured with the use of 6 television cameras installed in the experimental pens. Blood samples were also taken at the last day for haematological studies. Data generated were analyzed statistically. The enrichment had no effect on feed intake, final body weight and weight gained. However, the behavioral responses to the different enrichment varied. The results of this work suggest that mirror and colored backgrounds can be used to alleviate stress among isolated rams in the short run only.

Keywords: enrichment, sheep, isolation, conspecifics, stress, welfare

Procedia PDF Downloads 17

Authors: Daian Torabian

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This study aimed to retrospectively analyze radiographic and ultrasonographic data from 21 healthy pregnant Pomeranian dogs. The primary objective was to estimate the precise day and time of parturition or determine the need for a cesarean section based on radiological and ultrasonographic findings. Additionally, this research sought to improve diagnostic and management methods for parturition in this breed. The study involved collecting ultrasonographic and radiographic data from pregnant dogs, including measurements of parameters such as gestational sac diameter (GSD), crown-rump length (CRL), head diameter (HD), and body diameter (BD). Furthermore, fetal radiographic and ultrasonographic characteristics, including placental layers, fetal heart rate, fetal movement, and skeletal formation, were examined. The data were processed to predict the appropriate day and time for natural parturition or recommend a cesarean section. Results indicated that CRL, fetal heart rate, and fetal head diameter were among the most critical indicators for predicting parturition timing and determining the necessity of a cesarean section in Pomeranian dogs. Additionally, a gestational age (GA) prediction formula was developed based on the measured parameters. The integration of these indicators with advanced imaging techniques can enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve parturition management.

Keywords: parturition, cesarean, pomeranian, ultrasonography

Procedia PDF Downloads 16

Authors: Adebisi F. Agboola, Babatunde R. O. Omidiwura, Esther O. Abodunrin, Olawale P. Odeleye

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Choline has been extensively used to mitigate imbalance fat deposition in the adipose tissue of poultry birds by promoting utilisation of fatty acids to prevent fatty liver syndrome. However, its indiscriminate use has resulted in sloughing of the intestinal mucosa with its attendant consequences of malabsorption of nutrients and low productivity of the birds. Hence, it becomes necessary to source a viable alternative that is safe, natural, and effective. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to assess the effects of rain tree (RT) leaf meal-based diets on selected serum lipid metabolites and gut morphological indices of broiler chicks in a 14-day feeding trial. Two hundred one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted into one of five diets with five replicates of eight birds each in a completely randomized design. Diets 1 and 2 were the basal diets with low fat or high fat without choline supplementation. Diet 3 was the high fat basal diet + 1700mg/kg choline while Diets 4 and 5 contained high fat basal diets with addition of 1.5 and 3.0% rain tree leaf meal. At day 14, 2mL blood samples were collected for serum lipid profile assay, and about 3cm ileal section excised for morphological measurements. Data were subjected to ANOVA at 5% significance level. There were no significant differences in the histomophological indices except the villus height and crypt depth. Birds fed the high-fat diet with choline (p<0.05) had the shallowest crypts (660.34 µm) which was similar to those fed high fat+1.5% RT diet (726.27 µm). The villi heights of birds fed high fat+1.5% RT (2749.7 µm) and high fat+3.0% (2832.2 µm) were higher than those fed high fat+choline (2635.8 µm). Birds fed with high fat+choline (176.69mg/dL), high fat+1.5% RT (158.82mg/dL) and high fat+3.0% RT (177.12mg/dL) diets had significantly lower cholesterol values compared with basal diet (235.73mg/dL) which was similar to high fat without choline (261.22mg/dL) supplementation. Least triglyceride (27.09 mg/dL) was recorded in high-fat diet+3.0% RT while high fat without choline (85.583mg/dL) group had the highest triglyceride value. The low density lipoprotein was elevated in birds on the basal diet (127.08mg/dL) and high fat without choline (176.61mg/dL) while the corresponding high-density lipoprotein was improved in birds fed high fat+3.0% RT (100.25mg/dL) with the least recorded in the basal diet (82.83mg/dL) and high fat without choline (76.69mg/dL) groups. In conclusion, 1.5% rain tree leaf meal supplementation increased nutrient utilisation and improved lipid profile in broiler chicks, enhancing gut health and lipid metabolism, offering a safe and potent substitute to synthetic choline chloride.

Keywords: broiler chicks, gut morphometrics, lipid profile, monkey pod

Procedia PDF Downloads 15

Authors: Blaise Iraguha, Jean Pierre M. Mpatswenumugabo, Methode Ngabo Gasana, Åsbjer Elina

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The widespread misuse of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections in dairy farming is a global concern contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To gain insights into small-scale dairy farming, a study was conducted in Nyabihu district of Rwanda from September 2021 to April 2023 to assess practices and factors associated with antibiotic use, investigate antibiotic residues in cow milk and undertake a comprehensive training program to improve quality milk production. A mixed-methods approach, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal intervention studies, involved 42 regular dairy farmers from both open and zero-grazing systems delivering milk to the Union pour la Promotion des Cooperatives des Eleveurs en Nyabihu (UPROCENYA) milk collection center (MCC). Standardized questionnaires and farm interviews were conducted to assess antibiotic use practices while bulk tank milk samples from the same farmers were collected and tested for antibiotic residues using rapid tests over 16 months (8 months before and 8 months after training). Out of 451 bulk tank milk samples tested, 27 samples (6%) contained antibiotic residues, primarily tetracyclines (55.3%) and beta-lactams (44.7%). Before farmers training, 5,182.75 liters of milk were rejected monthly due to antibiotic residues. Following training, milk rejections decreased to 3,192.75 liters per month, reflecting 38.35% monthly decrease. However, no statistically significant difference was found by independent t-test (t= 1.441; p= 0.173) between milk rejected before and after training. 97.6% of interviewed farmers reported using antibiotics within six months preceding data collection, with 71.4% primarily used for disease treatment, notably targeting tick-borne diseases (34.0%). Alarming practices included administering antibiotics without referring samples for laboratory examination (100%), disregarding withdrawal periods (88.1%) and administering antibiotics without a veterinary doctor's prescription (85.7%). Factors contributing to these practices included limited farmer’s knowledge on antibiotics, easy access to antibiotics in local agro-veterinary shops, and insufficient veterinary services. Antibiotic-laden milk was used to feed calves (38.6%), consumed at home (26.5%), and sold (12.0%). The observed misuse of antibiotics and disregard for antibiotic withdrawal periods pose significant threats to both milk quality and human health. The authors recommend that dairy farmers prioritize animal health monitoring and implement biosecurity measures to prevent diseases and thus reduce antibiotic usage. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are highly recommended to enhance capacity building for dairy farmers and support research initiatives. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested to strengthen regulations on the prudent use of antibiotics within the Rwandan food production system to curb antimicrobial resistance across both animal and human populations.

Keywords: antibiotics, antibiotic residues, antimicrobial resistance, milk collection center

Procedia PDF Downloads 20

Authors: Eman R. Mahfouz, Othman E. Othman

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This work aimed to investigate the epigenetic regulation of ovulation rate through DNA methylation profile using WGBS. The whole genome DNA was extracted from ovaries of Barki sheep breed. The collected samples were belonged to two different fertility groups: high (HFG) and low (LFG) fertility groups. The extracted DNA was subjected to WGS after treatment with bisulfite. The findings declared that there is a small difference in DNA methylation levels between high and low fertility groups. The methylated C frequencies in contexts: CG, CHG and CHH were 87.68%, 3.49%, 8.83% and 89.23, 2.34%, 8.43% in high and low fertility groups, respectively. This finding showed that the level of methylated C in CG context is in directionally opposite with fertility trait where this level is lower in HFG than that in LFG. In contrast, the levels of methylated C in contexts CHG and CHH are higher in HFG than those in LFG groups. Despite this small difference in the methylation levels, there are many DMR and DMG were identified in the two groups. Ninety-seven fertility genes with different frequency in methylation levels were selected for functional enrichment analysis and the results declared the strong relation between methylation patterns of DMGs and fertility trait. It is concluded that DNA methylation patterns of Barki sheep ovaries may be responsible for difference in ovulation rate.

Keywords: DNA methylation, fertility trait, ovulation rate, Barki sheep, WGS

Procedia PDF Downloads 23

Authors: Temitope O. Bankole, Olufemi A. Adebiyi, Emmanuel O. Ewuola, Ayoola A. Oluyemi, Olusoji J. Abiola, Funmilayo G. Adebiyi

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Conventionally, piglets are weaned at 3-4 weeks, but extending the weaning time may enhance piglet’s growth while causing excessive sow weight loss, delaying their return to optimal body condition for rebreeding. Also, prolonged lactation can negatively affect a sow’s reproductive performance. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different weaning regimes on sow weight changes and reproductive outcomes to determine the optimal balance between piglet development and sow reproductive efficiency. Eighteen sows and 72 piglets were randomly allotted to 3 treatments, and six replicates were used for this study. The piglets were weaned at four weeks (T1), six weeks (T2), and eight weeks (T3). Data were collected on body weight changes (kg) and average weekly feed intake (kg) of the sows at pre-weaning stage, which lasted 8 weeks, and their reproductive performance; weaning to oestrus interval (days), percentage conception (%), average litter birth weight, average litter size, average number of piglets born alive and average number of still births) at post-weaning stage which lasted approximately 18 weeks. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α₀.₀₅. The average weekly feed intake of the lactating sows ranged from 27.81±0.64 kg in T1 to 27.19±0.16 kg in T3. However, there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments for average weight loss. The mean values showed that T1 (-5.00±1.41 kg) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 (-6.25±0.33 kg) and T3 (-10.00±1.58 kg). Also, there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments for weaning to oestrus interval. The mean values showed that T3 (10.00±1.58 days) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 (7.00±1.22 days) and T1 (6.00±0.71 days). However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments for the percentage conception, which ranged from 100.00 % in T1 and T2 to 83.33 % in T3, and average litter birth weight, which ranged from 1.38±0.14 kg in T1 to 1.30±0.19 kg in T3. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments for average litter size and average number of piglets born alive. The mean values for average litter size and average number of piglets born alive showed that T1 (8.00±0.71) and T2 (7.00±1.58) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than T3 (5.00±1.22). However, there were no still births recorded for all the treatments. In conclusion, weaning at 8 weeks resulted in the highest weight loss, longest weaning to oestrus interval, and lower litter size in sows compared to weaning at four weeks and six weeks.

Keywords: weaning regimes, lactating sows, weight changes, reproductive performance

Procedia PDF Downloads 16

Authors: Ayoola Oluyemi, Olufemi Adebiyi, Adesina Ogunbode, Funmilayo Adebiyi, Temitope Bankole, Ismail Adamolekun

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Environmental, nutritional, and behavioral changes influence pigs’ growth, health, and overall well-being post-weaning; therefore, any factors that can reduce stress and optimize growth during this phase are needed. Bedding in pig pens serves multiple purposes, including providing warmth, absorbing moisture, and creating a comfortable resting area. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of wood shavings and clay as bedding materials against concrete flooring on the behavior, productivity, and health status of weaned pigs. The research was carried out at the Piggery Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of twenty-seven weaned pigs (Large White X Landrace) were allotted into three treatments with nine replicates each: treatment 1 (concrete floor), treatment 2 (wood shavings—5 cm on concrete floor), and treatment 3 (clay—5 cm on concrete floor) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The pigs were fed twice per day, and water was given ad libitum. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) (kg), and final weight (FW) (kg) were measured while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated; data were analyzed using ANOVA. Behavioral observations were monitored with CCTV for 6 hours on the first and last day of the experiment, measuring feeding (FB), aggressive (AB), manipulative (MB), and lying behaviors (LB) using standard procedures. The counting from the video recordings was done for one minute at each ten minutes, recorded as a percentage of the overall observation, and analyzed using repeated measures. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment to analyze for hematological parameters. For FI, FW, WG, and FCR, a similar trend was observed, with pigs on clay and concrete having similar significance but differing from those on wood shavings. However, pigs housed on clay bedding had the least FI (24.80 kg) and the highest FW (13.64 kg) and the least FCR (2.84). FB of pigs raised on wood shavings has the highest observation of 48.91% when compared to others, while AB deduced by biting, chasing/fighting, or belly-nosing was more pronounced with pigs on a concrete floor (24.48%). Observation for MB was more with pigs on clay (28.54%); LB was higher with pigs on concrete (13.04%). White blood cell counts of pigs on concrete (12.06 × 10³/μL) and clay (12.51 × 10³/μL) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to those on wood shavings (8.463 × 10³/μL). For the PCV, hemoglobin, and RBC, pigs on clay beddings have the highest (40.50%, 13.35 g/dl, 6.75 (10⁶/μL)), followed by those on concrete (34.25%, 11.28 g/dl, 5.72 (10⁶/μL)) and the least in pigs on wood shavings (30.75%, 10.05 g/dl, 5.01 (10⁶/μL)), respectively across the treatments. From the findings of this experiment, it can be concluded that the effect of clay on behavior, performance, and health parameters made it a more appropriate bedding material. However, it should be noted that the use of clay as bedding in confinement requires extra management of waste disposal and keeping a hygienic environment.

Keywords: beddings, weaner pigs, clay, wood shavings, behavior

Procedia PDF Downloads 16

Authors: Hamdi Leila, Retem Chahira, Boukarine Rahma, Arkoub Fatma Zohra, Khelili Kamel

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For thousands of years, humans have used plants found in nature to treat and cure illnesses. These plants may provide a vital source of new compounds potentially useful in the development of effective therapies to combat a variety of health problems. This study consists of evaluating the protective effect of pollen grains on the immunity of male Wistar rats after exposure to EGME (Ethylen Glycol Monomethyl Ether). Thirty-two adult male rats were divided into four equal groups: control group (T), positive control group (T+), which received 300mg/kg bw of the aqueous extract of pollen grains; group (E): treated with one dose of EGME (500mg/kg bw) diluted in distilled water and group (T++E): treated with the combination of EGME and the aqueous extract of pollen grains. Rats were treated by gavage for 4 weeks. The results indicate that treatment with EGME led to a significant increase in the number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and granulocytes compared to the control groups, positive control and the group treated with EGME combined with the extract watery pollen grains.

Keywords: EGME, Pollen, immunotoxicity, rats

Procedia PDF Downloads 29

Authors: Ahab Chopra, Bilal Butt

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Climate change profoundly impacts human and animal health. This study investigates the causes, drivers, and consequences of Anthrax infections in pastoral populations affected by climate variability. This systematic review addresses three key questions: (1) What is the current state of research on Anthrax in pastoral or sympatric livestock-wildlife landscapes? (2) How does climate change influence the prevalence of Anthrax transmission in localized areas? (3) What are the health and socioeconomic consequences of Anthrax outbreaks in pastoral communities? This review integrates insights on Anthrax epidemiology, pathogen transmission, and systemic biases in global health literature. These insights informed our approach, broadening the focus from Anthrax outbreaks in Kenya to a critical examination of how knowledge is produced and interpreted in these contexts. Studying Anthrax transmission in Kenya’s drylands offers critical insights into disease dynamics at the human-animal-environment interface. This work contributes to more effective public health interventions, improved livestock management, and a deeper understanding of environmental factors exacerbating disease spread. While the eradication of Anthrax may not be immediately feasible, understanding the evolution of its transmission provides a foundation for future prevention and mitigation strategies, safeguarding both human and animal health in vulnerable ecosystems.

Keywords: anthrax, physiology, kenya, drylands, global health, public health

Procedia PDF Downloads 34

Authors: Abdelkader Mohamed Abdelkader Mohamed Gaballah

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This study addresses advancements in veterinary health and their significance in enhancing animal care. The primary objective is to meet the increasing needs of veterinarians and farmers by offering sustainable and effective veterinary medicines that comply with safety and efficacy standards. The methodology involves a comprehensive selection process to source high-quality veterinary products from trusted manufacturers while ensuring adherence to environmental sustainability principles. The findings demonstrate that these products significantly contribute to improving animal health, reducing the prevalence of diseases, and supporting sustainable farming practices. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts within the veterinary pharmaceutical industry to meet global demands and promote sustainable practices in animal care.

Keywords: veterinary medicine, animal health, veterinary pharmaceuticals, livestock management, animal science and care, veterinary drug development, animal nutrition, wellness

Procedia PDF Downloads 31

Authors: Areesha Sikandar, Shabana Naz, Saira Maqsood, Sania Satti, Anqash Ayyub, Sajida Arooj, Rifat Ullah Khan

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This research was aimed to evaluate the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM), Punica granatum peel powder (PPP) and synergistic of both (MOLM + PPP) on cholesterol, lipid and protein content and organoleptic factors of meat of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) after supplementing these herbs in their basal diet for six weeks. Twenty-eight days old, 48 Japanese quails (including 12 males and 36 females) were purchased and randomly distributed into 4 dietary groups. Each group (n=12) was then further divided into 3 groups, and each group comprised of three females and one male. The basal diet was fed to the T0 group, which was the control group; 0.2% MOLM was supplemented in the T1 group, 7.5% PPP was supplemented in the T2 group, and 0.2% MOLM + 7.5% PPP was supplemented in the T3 group. Their results revealed that cholesterol content significantly (P<0.05) reduced in all herbs-supplemented groups, but a minimum level of meat cholesterol was noted in the mixed group (MOLM + PPP). All treated groups showed highly significant differences statistically (P<0.05), with minimum levels of meat lipid contents recorded in the MOLM group. Protein contents in all treated groups also showed high significant differences (P<0.05); however maximum level of meat protein was recorded in the PPP group. Results of organoleptic evaluation revealed that except for meat juiciness in all other meat characters (color, tenderness, flavor and overall acceptability), significant differences (P<0.05) were noted in experimental groups as compared to the control group. It was concluded that supplementation of MOLM (0.2%), PPP (7.5%) and synergistic of both (MOLM + PPP) had reduced the cholesterol and lipid levels and enhanced the protein content in meat of Japanese quail as well as proved to be useful in improving the organoleptic factors of meat. Our findings suggest that MOLM, PPP and synergistic of both (MOLM + PPP) have the capability to enhance the meat quality of Japanese quail.

Keywords: evaluate, Japanese quail, synergistic, organoleptic, supplemented, meat quality

Procedia PDF Downloads 41

Authors: Ali Hajimohammadi, Mohammad Salahlou, Saeed Nazifi, Abbas Rowshan-Ghasrodashti, Ahmadreza Mirzaei

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Several studies have shown that the liver is vulnerable to detrimental alterations characterized by functional and morphological changes during the transitional period. Probiotic supplementation is pivotal in enhancing metabolic functions by orchestrating a harmonious equilibrium within the intestinal microbial community, thereby averting gastrointestinal infections and elevating the overall well-being, growth, and performance of ruminants. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of probiotic and yeast cell wall extract (YCW) supplementation on metabolic and hepatic functions during the transitional period. A cohort of forty dry cows was randomly divided into four groups, namely the probiotic group (Pr) receiving a basal diet combined with a blend of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lechiniformis, Streptococcus Thermophilis, and Enterococcus faecium; the YCW group receiving a basal diet enriched with Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the probiotic and yeast cell wall extract group (P & Y) receiving a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of probiotic and yeast cell wall extract; and the control group adhering to the basal diet. The intervention was initiated 21 days before calving and persisted until 28 days post-calving, except for the control group. The study entailed the collection of blood samples at four sampling times, encompassing 21 days preceding calving, seven days before calving, seven days post-calving, and four weeks post-calving. Multiple biochemical parameters were assessed, including urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TB), albumin, total protein (TP), globulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and liver functionality index. The results showed that the Pr group exhibited reduced average levels of urea, BUN, triglycerides, and GGT compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Similarly, the YCW group demonstrated lowered average BUN, TB, and cholesterol levels than the control group (P > 0.05). Notably, the liver functionality index exhibited a discernible trend towards elevation in the Pr group compared to the control group (P = 0.06) and the P & Y group (P = 0.007). In essence, the supplementation of YCW and probiotics is associated with advantageous effects on metabolic parameters and liver functionality.

Keywords: dairy cattle, probiotic, yeast extract supplement, liver functionality index, transition period

Procedia PDF Downloads 36

Authors: Navarro, Delaup, Lacreusette, Jahier, Destaing, Gard

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Background: A complementary feed designed to support joint metabolism and contribute to cartilage integrity in dogs was evaluated through a pet-owner study involving 21 senior dogs experiencing a decrease in mobility. The study aimed to assess the product's benefits, ease of use, and impact on quality of life over a 56-day period. Methods: Privately owned dogs over six years old with reduced mobility and no change in their mobility management within the last three months were recruited. They received a chicken cartilage hydrolysate complementary feed containing a complex of glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen (Glycosane®, MP Labo, France. One capsule per dog up to 40 kg, 2 capsules beyond) once a day for 56 days. Assessments were performed at baseline (D0), and subsequent follow-ups at D7, D28, and D56: revised LOAD (Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs) and CBPI (Canine Brief Pain Inventory) were used to evaluate mobility, pain intensity, and pain interference. Owners also completed a questionnaire on quality of life (QoL), comprising 7 questions on the animal’s well-being (QoL1) and 7 questions on the owner’s well-being (QoL2). Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models for repeated measures. The significance levels were set at p<0.05. Results: (1) Population: 21 dogs were included. The mean age was 10.2 years [6 – 14.5]. (2) Mobility: 71% of owners reported enhanced mobility by D56. Improvements were observed in half of the cases after 21 days of supplementation, with notable changes evident as early as 14 days in 39% of cases. LOAD scores showed significant improvement over time (p=0.0019). (3) Comfort: CBPI severity scores decreased significantly from baseline to D28 and D56 (p=0.0300 and p=0.0271, respectively). CBPI QoL score was also significantly improved at D56 compared to D7 (p=0.0440). (4) Quality of life: The QoL total score improved significantly by D56 compared to baseline (p=0.0089), with a specific improvement of the QoL1 (p=0.0015). (4) Owners' insights: Glycosane® received a high ease-of-use rating (mean score 4.4/5), with excellent compliance (95%). Oral intake was rated at 4.3/5. Willingness to walk (19%), Increased activity, Ability to run and/or jump from short heights and a Happier animal (11%) were among the most cited benefits. Owners noted enhanced comfort (78%) and happiness (79%) in their dogs, with a 60% perception of restored good mobility. Conclusion: The complementary feed demonstrates significant benefits in enhancing mobility and quality of life in senior dogs. Its high ease of administration supports owner compliance and satisfaction. These findings support Glycosane® as a valuable nutritional aid in helping to maintain canine mobility. Further studies with larger cohorts and a controlled group are recommended to validate these results.

Keywords: canine mobility, complementary feed, LOAD, CBPI, quality of life, Glycosane

Procedia PDF Downloads 37

Authors: Andrew Kizito Seruma, Dickson Okello, George Owuor

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Low adoption of food safety practices has serious consequences for smallholder dairy farmers’ productivity, profitability, and market access. Farmers’ low levels of knowledge concerning FSMs coupled with a negative perception of it have greatly influenced compliance with food safety standards. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the drivers that influence dairy farmers’ behaviors to perform safety and hygiene control practices at the farm level. Using data obtained from structured questionnaires completed by 757 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda, we construct a theoretical framework based on the theory of planned behavior and structural equation model to capture the mechanisms behind smallholder dairy farmers’ adoption of SHCP. The findings indicate that there was a positive relationship between perceived behavioral control (β = 0.121, p=0.06) and attitude (β = 0.883, p=0.01) with the adoption of safety and hygiene control practices. However, the relationship between subjective norms and the adoption of safety and hygiene control practices was negative (β = -0.533, p=0.02). It is noteworthy that perceived behavioral control and attitudes play a crucial role in increasing farmers’ adoption of SHCP. The result of this study shows that by fully understanding the merits and demerits of performing safety and hygiene control practices at the farm, smallholder farmers can make better decisions on adopting the SHCP at their farms linked to their cognitive behavior. Based on these findings, future policy interventions to promote SHCP should focus on improving farmers’ perception and attitude toward implementing safety and hygiene control practices through capacity building and providing incentives such as better milk prices through a quality-based buying system.

Keywords: food-safety, hygiene, behavioral, norms, attitude, smallholder, dairy

Procedia PDF Downloads 36

Authors: Khairy M. A. Zoheir, Nehma A. Ali, Ahmed M. Darwish, Mohamed S. Kishta, Ahmed A. Abd-Rabou, Mohamed A. Abdelhafez, Karima F. Mahrous

Abstract:

The study comprehensively investigated the multifaceted therapeutic properties of the IQGAP1shRNA plasmid, encompassing its hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. The study employed a Prednisolone-induced immunosuppressed rat model to assess the hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of IQGAP1shRNA plasmid. Using this model, IQGAP1shRNA plasmid was found to modulate haematopoiesis, improving RBC, platelet, and WBC counts, underscoring its potential in hematopoietic homeostasis. Organ atrophy, a hallmark of immunosuppression in spleen, heart, liver, ovaries, and kidneys, was reversed with IQGAP1shRNA plasmid treatment, reinforcing its hepatotrophic and organotropic capabilities. Elevated hepatic biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, LPO) indicative of hepatocellular injury and oxidative stress were reduced with GST, highlighting its hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects. IQGAP1shRNA plasmid also restored depleted antioxidants (GSH and SOD), emphasizing its potent antioxidative and free radical scavenging capabilities. Molecular insights into immune dysregulation revealed downregulation of IQGAP1, IQGAP3 interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA expression in the liver of immunosuppressed rats. IL-2 and IL-4 play pivotal roles in immune regulation, T-cell activation, and B-cell differentiation. Notably, treatment with IQGAP1shRNA plasmid exhibited a significant upregulation of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA expression, thereby accentuating its immunomodulatory potential in orchestrating immune homeostasis. Additionally, immune dysregulation was associated with increased levels of TNF-α. However, treatment with IQGAP1shRNA plasmid effectively decreased the levels of TNF-α, further underscoring its role in modulating inflammatory responses and restoring immune balance in immunosuppressed rats. Additionally, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug-likeness, and toxicity risk assessment prediction suggest its potential as a pharmacologically favourable agent with no serious adverse effects. In conclusion, this study confirms the therapeutic potential of the IQGAP1shRNA plasmid, showcasing its effectiveness against hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and its notable anticancer activity.

Keywords: IQGAP1, shRNA, cancer, liver, rat

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Authors: Shah Abid

Abstract:

Leishmaniasis is a collection of zoonotic infections that affect the viscera, skin, and mucous membrane and are spread by several species of female sandflies in the subfamily phlebotominae. The study's goal was to assess the prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in District Kurram using descriptive and cross-sectional methods. From December 2022 to May 2023, the study was carried out at Tehsil Head Quarter (THQ) Hospital, Sadda, District Kurram in the Dermatology Department. The disease was identified using a laboratory method based on clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis. A clean slide's surface was applied to the scraped-off portion of the lesions and rubbed over the blood to make a smear on the slide. The slides were methanol-fixed, stained with traditional Giemsa, and meticulously examined at high magnification to search for LD bodies. The necessary information, such as residence area, lesion kind and location, age, sex, and the total number of lesions, was meticulously acquired. During the time of the investigation, 393 instances of cutaneous leishmaniasis were observed. 1 year to 70 years old was the age range (mean age: 35.45). The age group that was most severely impacted, 16 years and older, had 23 (11.67%) children with this condition. Male to female ratio was 9.7:10. Most of the cases (n=52, 26.29%), were reported in the month of May. Majority of the patients 102 (51.77%) had lesion on face. 42 (16.73) patients had multiple lesions on their body. Face was the most common site followed by lower limbs 93 (37.05). Weekly intralesional injections of sodium stibogluconate (glucantime) were administered to all patients. Without any noticeable adverse effects, all patients had positive responses to the treatment. The condition affects adults more commonly than children, according to analysis of the combined results, and it is more common in women than in men.

Keywords: District Kurram, cutaneous leishmaniasis, zoonosis, glucantime

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Authors: Maidala A., Bizi A. G., Olaoyo T. G., Lawan Amaza B. I., Makinde O. J., Sudik S. D.

Abstract:

This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of full or partial replacement of wheat offal by dry Sesame Seed Husk (SSH) on the performance of broiler chickens. One-day-old chicks (n = 120) were randomly allotted to five treatments, each replicated four times. A replicate comprised of eight chicks each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). SSH was included at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, respectively. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the Daily feed intake (76.03-88.74), Daily weight gain (35.53-37.66), Feed conversion ratio (2.31-3.21) and Carcass characteristics. The feed cost is reduced as you increase the levels of SSH, and the feed cost N/kg gain was highest in the wheat offal diet and lowest at 100% SSH. It can be concluded that higher levels of up to 100% SSH can be incorporated into broiler rations without deleterious effects on the performance of broilers and concomitant reduction in feed cost.

Keywords: SSH, broilers, growth performance, economics of production, hematology, serum biochemistry

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Authors: J. Visser, C. Driver, T. Ebenhan

Abstract:

[¹⁸F]-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) is a radiopharmaceutical compound that is used for non-invasive cancer tumor imaging through positron emission tomography (PET). This radiopharmaceutical is used to visualise the metabolic processes in tumour tissues, which can be applied for the diagnosis and prognosis of various types of cancer. [¹⁸F]-FDG has widespread use in both clinical and pre-clinical research settings. Imaging using [¹⁸F]-FDG results in representative normal tissue distribution as well as visualisation of hypermetabolic lesions ([¹⁸F]-FDG avid foci). The metabolic tissue concentration of these lesions following [¹⁸F]-FDG administration can be quantified using Standard Uptake Values (SUV). Standard uptake values of [¹⁸F]-FDG-based Positron Emission Tomography can be influenced by various biological and technical handling factors. Biological factors that affect [¹⁸F]-FDG uptake include the blood glucose levels of subjects, normal physiological variants between subjects and administration of certain pharmaceutical agents. Technical factors that can have an effect include the route of radiopharmaceutical or pharmaceutical agents administered and environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and lighting. These factors influencing tracer uptake need to be investigated to improve the robustness of the imaging protocol, which will achieve reproducible image acquisition across various research projects, optimised tumor visualisation and increased data validity and reliability.

Keywords: fluorodeoxyglucose, tumour imaging, Rodent, Blood Glucose, PET/CT Imaging

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Authors: Mohammad Saleh Fasihi Ramandi

Abstract:

This study investigates the nutritional value of both enriched and non-enriched sunflower seed hulls in lamb-fattening diets. Sunflower seed processing for oil production produces a considerable by-product, with 18–25% of the total seed weight comprised of hulls. These hulls are typically regarded as nutritionally limited due to their high fiber and low protein content, but the application of urea enrichment appears to increase their potential as feed. In this experiment, fifty male lambs, aged 7–8 months, were divided into five groups of ten, each receiving one of five diets: 1) a control diet with cereal straw and no hulls; 2) a diet with 10% non-enriched hulls; 3) a diet with 20% non-enriched hulls; 4) a diet with 10% urea-enriched hulls; and 5) a diet with 20% urea-enriched hulls. The feeding trial lasted 90 days, during which metrics such as daily weight gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion efficiency were recorded. At the end of the trial, three lambs from each group were randomly selected for slaughter, and their carcass characteristics were documented. The results suggest that diets including enriched sunflower hulls led to significantly greater final weights, weight gain, and improved feed conversion efficiency. Economically, using enriched sunflower hulls in fattening diets for lambs reduced the cost per kilogram of live and carcass weight gain compared to diets with non-enriched hulls and cereal straw.

Keywords: sunflower seed hulls, lamb fattening, urea enrichment, feed efficiency

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Authors: Haile Berihulay, Chenglong Luo

Abstract:

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral disease primarily affecting poultry and wild birds, with significant implications for both animal health and public safety. The influenza virus (IV) is notorious for its ability to mutate and infect multiple species, including humans, leading to severe consequences. Avian influenza poses considerable pandemic risks due to the potential evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which can cause rapid outbreaks in domestic flocks. While AVI viruses typically do not replicate well in humans, strains such as H5N1 and H7N9 have crossed the species barrier, raising alarm over human infections. The recent documentation of human transmission of the H5N8 strain from birds underscores the ongoing threat posed by avian influenza. This review necessitates a thorough discussion about the genetic foundation of viral pathogens, identifying key candidate genes linked to disease resilience, and discussing powerful tools. This review can help researchers to comprehensively overview the disease severity and combat related to AIV, which causes significant economic impact and set effective control strategies to mitigate the risks associated with avian influenza outbreaks.

Keywords: Avian, candidate genes, chicken, molecular, pathogen, virus

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Authors: A. S. Fetisova, M. N. Erofeeva, G. S. Alekseeva, K. A. Volobueva, M. D. Kim, S. V. Naidenko

Abstract:

Weaning is characterized by the transition from milk to solid food. In some species, such changes in diet are fast and gradual in others. The reasons for the weaning start are understandable. Changes in milk composition and decrease in maternity behavior push cubs to search for additional sources of nutrients. In nature, females have many opportunities to wean offspring in case of a lack of resources. In contrast, in controlled conditions the possibility of delayed weaning exists. The delay of weaning can lead to overspending of maternal resources. In addition, the main causes of weaning end are not so obvious. Near the weaning end behavior of offspring depends on many factors: intensity of maternal behavior, reduction of milk abundance, brood size, physiological status, and body mass. During the pre-weaning period dynamic of body mass is strongly connected with milk intake. Based on that fact could body mass be one of the signals for end of milk feeding? It is known that some animals usually wean their offspring when juveniles achieved body mass in some proportion to the adult weight. In turn, we put forward the hypothesis that decrease in growth rates causes the delay of weaning in Eurasian lynxes (Lynx lynx). To explore the hypothesis, we compared the dynamic of body mass with duration of milk suckling. Firstly, to get information about duration of suckling we visually observed 8 lynx broods from 30 to 120 days postpartum. During each 4-hour observation we registered the start and the end of suckling acts and then calculate the total duration of this behavior. To get the dynamic of body mass kittens were weighed once a week. Duration of suckling varied from 3076,19 ± 1408,60 to 422,54 ± 285,38 seconds when body mass gain changed from 247,35 ± 26,49 to 289,41 ± 122,35 grams. Results of Kendall Tau correlation test (N= 96; p< 0,05) showed a negative correlation (τ= -0,36) between duration of suckling and body mass of lynx kittens. In general duration of suckling increases in response to decrease in body mass gain with slight delay. In early weaning from 30 to 58 days duration of suckling decreases gradually as does the body mass gain. During the weaning period the negative correlation between suckling time and body mass becomes tighter. Although throughout the weaning consumption of solid food begins to prevail over the milk intake, the correlation persists until the end of weaning (90-105 days) and after it. In that way weaning in Eurasian lynxes is not a part of ontogenesis controlled only by maternal behavior. It seems to be a flexible process influenced by various factors including changes in growth rates. It is necessary to continue investigations to determine the critical value of body mass which marks the safe moment to stop milk feeding. Understanding such details of ontogenesis is very important to organize procedures aimed at the reproduction of mammals ex situ and the conservation of endangered species.

Keywords: body mass, lynx, milk feeding, weaning

Procedia PDF Downloads 42

Authors: Lawan Adamu, Aminu Maidala

Abstract:

Heat stress exerts a high deteriorating impact on the poultry industry which could be ameliorated by dietary incorporation of synthetic vitamin C. Certain herbs either alone or in combination thereof are also a rich source of ascorbic acid in natural form. Gashua is located in the semi arid zones with temperature ranges of 38-43oC especially in the months of March up to June/July which make survival and production much difficult to poultry especially broilers chickens as it was found that high ambient temperatures above 380C feed consumption, growth rate, feed efficiency, survivability, egg production and egg quality tends to decline. In order to address the problem of heat stress, an experiment was conducted in the month of March/April to determine the effect of synthetic ascorbic-acid (vitamin C), natural ascorbic from baobab, African locust bean and prosopis africana pulp was administer in drinking water and basal diets adlibitum. 300 day old marshal breed chicks were used for this experiment which was divided into five treatment group with 20 birds per replicate which designated as zero, synthetic ascorbic acid 40g/L, baobab pulp 40g/L, African locust pulp 40g/L and iron wood pulp 40g/L for T1, T2 T3 T4 and T5 respectively. The experiment was lasted for eight weeks (four weeks each for the starter and finisher). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 2002 soft wire and significant difference observed means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. The result revealed that bird on control diet were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in terms total and daily weight gain and feed efficiency but significantly (p<0.05) higher in terms feed intake, water intake, rectal temperature and mortality. This study concluded that ascorbic acid increased broiler performance and reduced mortality under high temperature thereby maintain the sustainability of broiler production to bridge the gap of animal protein deficit in the hot arid zone.

Keywords: ascorbic acid, heat stress, broiler, performance

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Authors: Reza Vakili

Abstract:

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of duration water restriction of drinking water and salinity level on production performance, egg quality and biochemical and hematological blood indices of laying hens. A total of 240 Hy-Line laying hens were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental treatments were: 1) free access to drinking water and a low level of salinity (TDS below 500 mg/L) (FAW+LS), 2) free access to water and a high level of salinity (TDS above 1500 mg/L), (FAW+HS), 3) 12 h nightly water restriction and a low level of salinity (LAW+LS), and 4) 12 h water restriction and a high level of salinity (LAW+HS). Intake of feed, percentage of egg production and egg weight and mass were not affected by water restriction or salinity level (P > 0.05), however, a trend (P < 0.01) for lower water consumption was detected in water-restricted hens, regardless of salinity level (213 vs 187). A tendency for lower eggshell and yolk weights was observed in hens that had limited access to water with high salinity compared to those had free access to high saline water (P = 0.08). Serum total protein and glucose concentrations significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in hens drank high salinity water, regardless of water restriction. Moreover, saline water increased the concentration of uric acid, creatinine, and cholesterol when compared to low salinity drank-hens (P < 0.05). The concentrations of ALT and AST increased with salinity level (P < 0.05) and water restriction caused an increment in AST content (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Hy-Line laying hens could withstand water restriction, whilst could not tolerate water salinity of about 1500 mg/L.

Keywords: chemical pollutants, eggs, laying hens, salinity, water quality

Procedia PDF Downloads 54

Authors: Narges Bahmanyar, Masoud Ghorbani

Abstract:

Rabies is caused by several species of the genus Lyssavirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. The disease is deadly encephalitis transmitted from warm-blooded animals to humans, and domestic and wild carnivores play the most crucial role in its transmission. The prevalence of rabies in poor areas of developing salinities is constantly posed as a global threat to public health. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60,000 people die yearly from rabies. Of these, 60% of deaths are related to the Middle East. Although rabies encephalitis is incurable to date, awareness of the disease and the use of vaccines is the best way to combat the disease. Although effective vaccines are available, there is a high cost involved in vaccine production and management to combat rabies. Increasing the prevalence and discovery of new strains of rabies virus requires the need for safe, effective, and as inexpensive vaccines as possible. One of the approaches considered to achieve the quality and quantity expressed through the manufacture of recombinant types of rabies vaccine. Currently, livestock rabies vaccines are used only in inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, the process of inactivation of which pays attention to considerations. The rabies virus contains a negatively polarized single-stranded RNA genome that encodes the five major structural genes (N, P, M, G, L) from '3 to '5 . Rabies virus glycoprotein G, the major antigen, can produce the virus-neutralizing antibody. N-antigen is another candidate for developing recombinant vaccines. However, because it is within the RNP complex of the virus, the possibility of genetic diversity based on different geographical locations is very high. Glycoprotein G is structurally and antigenically more protected than other genes. Protection at the level of its nucleotide sequence is about 90% and at the amino acid level is 96%. Recombinant vaccines, consisting of a pathogenic subunit, contain fragments of the protein or polysaccharide of the pathogen that have been carefully studied to determine which of these molecules elicits a stronger and more effective immune response. These vaccines minimize the risk of side effects by limiting the immune system's access to the pathogen. Such vaccines are relatively inexpensive, easy to produce, and more stable than vaccines containing viruses or whole bacteria. The problem with these vaccines is that the pathogenic subunits may elicit a weak immune response in the body or may be destroyed before they reach the immune cells, which requires nanoparticles to overcome. Suitable for use as an adjuvant. Among these, biodegradable nanoparticles with functional levels are good candidates as adjuvants for the vaccine. In this study, we intend to use beta-glucan nanoparticles as adjuvants. The surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus (G) is responsible for identifying and binding the virus to the target cell. This glycoprotein is the major protein in the structure of the virus and induces an antibody response in the host. In this study, we intend to use rabies virus surface glycoprotein conjugated with beta-glucan nanoparticles to produce vaccines.

Keywords: rabies, vaccines, beta glucan, nanoprticles, adjuvant, recombinant protein

Procedia PDF Downloads 37

Authors: Khenenou Tarek

Abstract:

Aim: The objective of present study was to compare the normal macro and microscopic appearance of the liver in two very different species, one is an omnivorous mammal; the wild boar and the other belongs to the family of poultry; broiler chicken from the region of Bouhmama (Khenchela). Materials and methods: Eight broilers (58 days of age) and eight wild boars were included in the experiment to obtain information about the morpho-histological appearances of liver in two species. Results: There is a big difference in the liver appearance between the two species, in the wild boar it is of firm consistency with a tiger aspect and divided into four lobes, whereas in the broiler, the liver is brown and sometimes pale during the first 10-14 days, so it was divided into two lobes. Concerning the liver parenchyma, we used the Russian LOMBO MBS-10 stereo microscope, our results showed that the liver parenchyma was well developed in wild boar than in broiler chickens whereas, in broiler chickens; an excessive development of the sinus; the latter were less developed in the wild boar. Conclusion: The macroscopic observation showed a marked difference in liver between the two species. The microscopic examination of liver showed that the parenchyma is less pronounced in broilers whereas the sinuses were highly developed in the wild boar.

Keywords: broiler chicken, liver, macro and microscopic appearances, wild boar, Algeria

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Authors: Khenenou Tarek, Mohamed Amine Fares, Djallal Eddine Rahmoun

Abstract:

The study intends to evaluate the morphological changes in the mesenteric lymph nodes of dromedaries in different rearing systems. we aimed to evaluate the adaptative behavior of the animal’s immune system with environmental variations, and to conduct a comparative analysis on the morphological features of the mesenteric lymph node of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the region of El Oued, with two different rearing systems, with different practices and different purposes. The study was conducted using histo-morphometric techniques to analyze the morphological features of the mesenteric lymph node of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the region of El Oued. Two groups of dromedaries were used in the study, one group raised in a free-roaming housing system and another group raised in a restricted-roaming housing system. The results revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of active follicle ratio and size and also the cellular population of functional zones. Animals living and roaming outside the farm barriers were more exposed to pathogens, which leads to the installation of an adaptative process, whereas the animals living under restricted-roaming housing system were not exposed to pathogens. This study indicated that the adaptative behavior of the animal’s immune system with environmental variations is the functional translation of morphological changes. The obtained findings revealed that the morphological features of the mesenteric lymph node of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the region of El Oued are directly linked to the rearing system practices

Keywords: adaptative behavior, dromedary, lymph node, morphology, rearing systems

Procedia PDF Downloads 47