Abstracts | Energy and Power Engineering
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 2050

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

[Energy and Power Engineering]

Online ISSN : 1307-6892

2050 Development of Hydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible Zinc-Air Batteries

Authors: Meng Ni, Yeshu Tan

Abstract:

Flexible zinc-air battery (FZAB) is very promising for wearable electronics with various merits, including high energy density, environmental friendliness, low cost and good safety. The FZABs are usually based on hydrogel electrolytes. However, the instability of zinc surface contact with alkaline hydrogel electrolyte, such as excessive ZnO formation, hinders the wide adopt of FZABs and is less studied. Another challenge of the hydrogel electrolyte is its limited ionic conductivity, which is more severe at a low temperature, limiting the application of FZABs in low-temperature environments. Therefore, we develop the regulated dual-network hydrogel with the addition of histidine, which tailors the hydrogel with amino and carboxyl groups, leading to high ionic conductivity, efficient ion transfer channels and anti-freezing properties. The imidazole group has synergistical engineering, which adjusts the adsorption of Zn²+ on an alkaline zinc surface, leading to uniform deposition and reduction of ZnO, extending the working stability of FZAB. Both simulation and experimental analyses confirm the superiority of regulated hydrogel. The as-fabricated FZAB achieves a maximum power density of 117.8 mW cm-² and can run 627 cycles, reaching 209 h. Meantime, the FZAB can reserve 76.8% working voltage at -20ᵒ C.

Keywords: electrolyte, hydrogel, zinc air batteries, energy storage

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2049 Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth Through Potassium Hydroxide Pretreatment and Co-digestion

Authors: Adanyro Atilago, Stephanie Lansing, Sayon dit Sadio Sidibé

Abstract:

Water hyacinth is a fast growing plant that is considered invasive in many tropical areas due to its potential to clog waterways. The lignocellulosic structure of water hyacinth is the primary barrier to harvesting and efficiently producing bioenergy from degrading water hyacinth via anaerobic digestion. This study investigated anaerobic mono-digestion and co-digestion of water hyacinth and dairy manure using potassium hydroxide (KOH) pretreatment to breakdown the lignin prior to digestion. Water hyacinth was pretreated with KOH at 5%, 7.5%, and 10% based on volatile solids (VS) at 37°C for 24 h. The pre-treated samples were used directly for anaerobic digestion without washing or pH adjustment, with triplicate treatments tested after pre-treatment to access effects on structural composition of the water hyacinth. Co-digestion experiments included 3:1, 1:1, and1:3 ratios of water hyacinth to dairy manure based on VS. The inoculum-to-substrate ratio was set at 2:1 for all experiments. A total of seventeen experimental points were run in triplicate in 250 mL reactors. Results showed that the pH of the pretreated samples stabilized within the range of 7.5 < pH < 8 during mixing with dairy manure and inoculum. With mono-digestion the highest methane (CH4) yields (312 mL CH4/g VS) were achieved with 10% KOH pretreatment corresponding to 19.3% CH4 increase compared to the control. Co-digestion of untreated WH at 1:3 increased enhanced CH4 yield (390 mL CH4/g VS) corresponding to 49.1% CH4 increase compared to the control, but co-digestion (1:1) with 5% KOH had the highest CH4 yield (467 mL CH4/g VS) and the highest synergistic effect value of 1.52, corresponding to 78.5% CH4 increase compared to the control. KOH pretreatment reduced lignin content by 14.3 to 29.82% and increased cellulose content in the solid fraction by 72.0 to 104.6%, with the lowest increases at 5% and highest increases at 10% KOH. Pretreated at 7.5% exhibited a CH4 yield increase of 18% and 36%, while those pretreated at 10% showed increases of 1% and 40% as the co-substrate ratio shifted from 3:1 to 1:3. These findings highlight the critical role of nutritional balance and alkalinity of dairy manure, which increased methanogenic activity. Even at 5% KOH pretreatment and a 1:1 co-digestion ratio showed lignin degradation with co-digestion amplifying the effect of pretreatment. These results demonstrate a significant improvement in the digestion of water hyacinth through KOH pretreatment with no washing or pH adjustment needed during digestion to achieve high yields. Use of these results could reduce pretreatment costs, avoids the loss of VS during pretreatment, and eliminate wastewater generation from pretreatment processing. Co-digestion of water hyacinth and dairy manure could be a viable industrial-scale application to create non-intermittent bioenergy in the form of biogas for electricity generation in rural areas, while creating a value-added product from the invasive water hyacinth. Kinetic modeling showed the modified Gompertz and first-order models best fit the data (R² = 0.97 and 0.99).

Keywords: alkaline, biogas, lignocellulosic, methane

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2048 Comparative Analysis of CO₂ Enhanced Oil Productivity and Carbon Sequestration Performance in Continental Shale Oil Reservoirs

Authors: Chenqi Ge, Dongqi Ji, Yiquan Yan, Zhewei Chen, Zhengdong Lei, Zhangxing Chen, Gang Hui

Abstract:

CO₂ injection has emerged as a promising technique to enhance oil recovery in continental shale reservoirs by addressing challenges such as low sweep efficiency caused by micro-to-nano-scale heterogeneities and rapid production decline due to low reservoir pressure. This study evaluates the potential of CO₂ injection for improving shale oil productivity and sequestration efficiency through numerical simulations that incorporate nano-confined phase behavior, oil displacement mechanisms, water-oil imbibition, cross-scale flow characteristics, and dynamic fracture properties. Two major continental shale oil reservoirs in China, Gulong (pure shale deposition) and Jimsar (mixed deposition), are analyzed to assess the feasibility of CO₂-enhanced oil recovery. The study models spatially dependent fluid phase behavior by differentiating between matrix and fractures, while multiscale fluid flow, ranging from nanopores to fractures and wellbores, is simulated using a hybrid multiple-interacting-continua and discrete fracture network approach. Model validation is achieved through comparison with historical production data, achieving over 85% agreement in production rates. The effects of cross-scale oil flow and CO₂ channeling on sequestration and oil production efficiency are investigated for both reservoirs. The comparative analysis reveals distinct mechanisms governing CO₂-enhanced oil recovery in the two reservoirs. In the Gulong shale, CO₂ injection at high pressure expands bedding fractures, enhancing connectivity between the nano-scale matrix and fractures. Additionally, slow CO₂ diffusion into the tight matrix promotes oil displacement and long-term sequestration. Conversely, in the Jimsar shale, CO₂ injection primarily enhances oil mobility by reducing viscosity from 50 cp to below 5 cp. The relatively larger matrix pore structure and lower minimum miscibility pressure in Jimsar lead to higher sweep efficiency during CO₂ displacement. Simulation results also indicate that CO₂ utilization efficiency in Jimsar surpasses that in Gulong. This study introduces an integrated numerical simulation approach that combines spatially dependent phase behavior with multiscale flow modeling to evaluate the interplay between oil productivity and CO₂ sequestration in shale reservoirs. The findings provide insights into optimizing CO₂ injection strategies for different shale reservoir types, offering a pathway for sustainable CO₂ utilization in enhanced oil recovery operations.

Keywords: shale oil, CO₂ displacement, CO₂ sequestration, enhanced oil recovery

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2047 Electrically Enhanced Shale Oil Productivity Considering Nano-Confined Phase Behavior and Micro-Fracture Dilation

Authors: Chenqi Ge, Dongqi Ji, Yishan LIU, Zhengdong Lei, Zhangxing Chen, Gang Hui

Abstract:

Shale oil is the dominant contributor to global unconventional oil resource production. Compared to conventional oil and gas, shale oil productivity is significantly constrained by nano-confinement effects, which hinder oil flow from nano-pores (primary storage locations) to micro-fractures (main flow channels). Besides, the compact micro-fractures of low permeability cannot provide efficient flow channels to production well. These constraints result in inefficient oil displacement and fast production decline. Increasing temperature can simplify the phase change process and potentially enhance micro-fracture permeability by dilation. This study explores the potential of electrical heating enhanced shale oil flow by wind power transition, which can unlock the oil from tight shale oil formations. A non-isothermal numerical simulation approach is developed to model the thermal effects on shale oil flow dynamics. The model integrates nano-confined phase behavior, phase transition mechanics, multi-scale flow processes, heat transfer, and fracture dilation. A modified equation of state accounts for capillary pressure, adsorption, and nano-confinement. A coupled thermo-mechanical phase-field model simulates thermally induced micro-fractures. Model validation is performed by comparing simulation results against nano-scale experimental data. Further validation is conducted by the oil production performance comparison of simulation results and field history. Comparative analysis of the isothermal production method and electrical heating improvement approach in shale oil production confirm that elevated temperature improves oil phase consistency from nano-pores to fractures and increases micro-fracture permeability. As a result, oil flow is accelerated from tight formation to production well and thermal treatment makes a promising approach for shale oil production enhancement. Numerical simulation demonstrates that heat is primarily generated in the zone of high salinity saturation due to its high dielectric values. Meanwhile, the in-situ oil is simultaneously heated by conduction. Computation of energy efficiency provides that 100 % electric power can be transformed into heat in a shale oil formation by the ohm effect. Key results show that pore size dictates the target heating temperature, while shale mineral thermal expansion coefficients influence fracture initiation and dilation. Additionally, simulations indicate that a temperature increase of approximately 100°C significantly enhances shale oil mobility by improving phase change consistency from nano-pores to fractures and micro-fracture permeability. This study provides a computation framework for evaluating the effectiveness of thermal treatment in overcoming shale oil nano-confinement and compact fracture challenges.

Keywords: shale oil, thermally enhance oil recovery, nano-confinement, phase behavior, electric excitation

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2046 Integrating Phase Change Materials in Sydney Building Code: A Pathway to Reduced Energy Consumption and Enhanced Sustainability

Authors: Amirhossein Shafaghat, Jingjing Liu, Amirhossein Eisapour, Arianna Brambilla

Abstract:

Incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) into building envelopes can enhance energy efficiency by stabilizing indoor temperatures and reducing the energy consumption of a building. This study employs ANSYS FLUENT to simulate the thermal performance of a Sydney-compliant building over a 24-hour period on the hottest day of the year, with and without double-layer PCM integration. The analysis considers various PCM thicknesses (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm) to determine the optimal configuration for energy savings. Simulations account for convection and radiation heat loss from the outer surface and convection heat loss from the inner surface, with an indoor temperature setpoint of 23°C. Additionally, the study evaluates PCM performance across different Australian cities—Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Canberra, and Melbourne—to assess climate-specific efficiency. Results indicate that without PCM, the inner surface temperature in Sydney reaches 25.5°C, exceeding the setpoint by 2.5°C. Among the tested configurations, PCM 25 with a two-layer (1.5 cm) application demonstrates the best thermal regulation, minimizing temperature fluctuations (0.2°C) throughout the day. Canberra experiences the highest energy flux without PCM due to its intense solar radiation, with inner surface temperatures peaking at 26.5°C—1.5°C higher than in Sydney. However, with PCM 25, Canberra achieves the highest energy savings at approximately 18 MJ per day, followed by Sydney with 16 MJ. This corresponds to about 5 kWh of electricity savings, a significant portion (~20%) of a typical Australian household’s daily energy consumption. These findings highlight the effectiveness of PCM-enhanced walls in mitigating temperature fluctuations and reducing energy use, particularly in high solar radiation climates. The study underscores the potential benefits of integrating PCMs into building codes to enhance energy efficiency across diverse Australian climates.

Keywords: thermal energy storage, energy in buildings, phase change materials, numerical modelling

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2045 Effect of V-Shaped Baffle Angles and Spacings in Flow Channels on the Performance of a High-Temperature Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cell

Authors: Horng-Wen Wu, Ching-Hua Ho, Tao-Hsuan Liu

Abstract:

A high-temperature proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) functions at temperatures above 100 °C, requiring less moisture to transfer protons and developing CO tolerance contrasted with a low-temperature PEMFC. The study then meticulously evaluated the specific effects of varying the angles (45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 75 degrees) and spacing of the V-shaped baffles on a high-temperature PEMFC’s net power. The best baffle configuration of nine baffles (spacing=5 mm) significantly improves performance at all angles. In particular, the 60-degree angle baffle is most effective within gas flow and oxygen distribution, promoting the fuel cell’s overall performance. This study also produces a flow channel plate with the best V-shaped baffle to conduct battery performance experiments and verify the results of experiments and simulations. Furthermore, the total impedance of the duct with nine V-shaped baffles is less than that of no baffles, according to the electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiment.

Keywords: high-temperature proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell, performance promotion, v-shaped baffles, angles and spacing of baffles, polarization performance experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test, performance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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2044 Formation of Mg-Silicate Scales and Inhibition of Their Scale Formation at Injection Wells in Geothermal Power Plant

Authors: Samuel Abebe Ebebo

Abstract:

Scale precipitation causes a major issue for geothermal power plants because it reduces the production rate of geothermal energy. Each geothermal power plant's different chemical and physical conditions can cause the scale to precipitate under a particular set of fluid-rock interactions. Depending on the mineral, it is possible to have scale in the production well, steam separators, heat exchangers, reinjection wells, and everywhere in between. The scale consists mainly of smectite and trace amounts of chlorite, magnetite, quartz, hematite, dolomite, aragonite, and amorphous silica. The smectite scale is one of the difficult scales at injection wells in geothermal power plants. X-ray diffraction and chemical composition identify this smectite as Stevensite. The characteristics and the scale of each injection well line are different depending on the fluid chemistry. The smectite scale has been widely distributed in pipelines and surface plants. Mineral water equilibrium showed that the main factors controlling the saturation indices of smectite increased pH and dissolved Mg concentration due to the precipitate on the equipment surface. This study aims to characterize the scales and geothermal fluids collected from the Onuma geothermal power plant in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Field tests were conducted on October 30–November 3, 2021, at Onuma to determine the pH control methods for preventing magnesium silicate scaling, and as exemplified, the formation of magnesium silicate hydrates (M-S-H) with MgO to SiO2 ratios of 1.0 and pH values of 10 for one day has been studied at 25 °C. As a result, M-S-H scale formation could be suppressed, and stevensite formation could also be suppressed when we can decrease the pH of the fluid by less than 8.1, 7.4, and 8 (at 97 °C) in the fluid from Well-A and Well-B, Well-C, and Well-D, respectively.

Keywords: magnesium silicate, scaling, inhibitor, geothermal power plant

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2043 Exploring Drivers of Natural Gas Price Fluctuations: Application of EEMD for Analysis and LSTM for Forecasting

Authors: Zhaojiali

Abstract:

The inherent complexity of the natural gas market presents significant challenges for analyzing and forecasting price fluctuations. We utilize Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to examine the driving factors of natural gas price fluctuations and further apply a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to achieve accurate forecasting. First, EEMD decomposes the time series and, based on sample entropy, reconstructs the intrinsic modes into high-frequency, low-frequency, and trend components. By calculating the correlation coefficients and mutual information between these reconstructed components and natural gas prices, we find that high-frequency components exhibit strong correlations solely with their respective gas prices, while low-frequency components show strong correlations not only with their own corresponding prices but also with other gas prices. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between the trend component of natural gas prices and global temperature anomalies, revealing that HH prices exhibit a relatively lagged response to temperature anomalies, indicating a heightened sensitivity to temperature changes. In the forecasting phase, this study compares three distinct algorithms: LSTM Direct Forecasting, EEMD-Entropy Enhanced LSTM (EEELSTM), and Multivariate EEMD-LSTM with Dynamic Reconstruction (MELDR). Among these, MELDR harnesses the combined strengths of EEMD and LSTM to manage long-term dependencies and non-stationary components within natural gas price data. The application of MELDR demonstrates its superiority, particularly in single-step forecasts. By integrating EEMD with LSTM, this study enhances the accuracy of natural gas price predictions. Additionally, through the analysis of the significance and contribution of each IMF component, the study provides a deeper understanding of the factors underlying natural gas price fluctuations, offering more reliable theoretical support for decision-making.

Keywords: ensemble empirical mode decomposition, gas price, forecasting, composition, volatility

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2042 A Study on the Classification Reconstruction of Chinese Villages and Key Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions from the Perspective of Rural Housing Construction

Authors: Xiaohan Wang, Hong Zhang, Xiaodong Liu

Abstract:

The world is currently facing both climate change and an ecological crisis. In response to these challenges, China has set the Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals to mitigate environmental impacts. Concurrently, the country is advancing a rural revitalization strategy, placing significant emphasis on rural development. Rural housing plays a central role in the lives of farmers, and there is a strong demand for improving the quality of these homes as part of their aspiration for a better life. Carbon emissions associated with the construction and operation of rural housing are a significant contributor to the overall carbon emissions in rural areas. To meet China’s carbon reduction goals, it is crucial to develop effective strategies for decarbonizing rural housing, achieving a balance between enhancing housing quality and controlling carbon emissions. Given the vastness of China’s rural areas, the economic development, natural environment, and other conditions vary significantly across regions, resulting in considerable disparities in agricultural housing construction. Therefore, classifying and restructuring villages based on the characteristics of rural housing construction, and identifying key factors influencing carbon dioxide emissions in these different categories, are essential steps for achieving carbon reduction in rural areas. In this study, data on rural housing construction and socioeconomic conditions from 132 counties across 28 regions in China were collected through field surveys, and the CO₂ emissions were calculated. Using the k-means clustering method, the villages were categorized into three types, and spatial visualization was then carried out using ArcGIS. Lastly, the heterogeneity of these three types of villages was analyzed and compared, and 14 indicators, such as housing construction elements and CO₂ emissions, were quantitatively assessed using statistical methods like correlation analysis. The results indicate that modernized and developed villages have the largest proportion, and their distribution in China follows a pattern of ‘higher in the south, lower in the north’ and ‘higher in the east, lower in the west,’ with a gradual decrease across regions. Additionally, it was found that there is a strong correlation between rural housing construction indicators, such as the degree of kitchen modernization and the vacancy rate of farmhouses, and the carbon dioxide emissions of villages in this category. Based on the perspective of rural housing construction, this study reconceptualizes the classification of Chinese villages and explores the key factors influencing carbon emissions in order to help policymakers design more targeted decarbonization strategies for rural housing. Ultimately, this approach supports a balance between reducing carbon emissions and improving the quality of rural housing in the future.

Keywords: carbon dioxide emissions, environmental regulations, residential carbon emissions, rural areas, sustainable development

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2041 One-Pot Synthesis of Pd-based Metallenes for Energy Saving Hydrogen-Production

Authors: Chaudhry Muhammad Furqan, Xinyao Guo, Yiming Xie, Mahesh Suryawanshi, Gavin Conibeer

Abstract:

Hydrogen, recognized as a sustainable and pollution-free energy carrier, has garnered significant attention due to its potential to drive the transition to renewable energy systems. In this regard, electrolysis, a clean and efficient process for generating high-purity hydrogen and oxygen, offers a zero-CO₂ emission pathway for large-scale hydrogen production. However, among the emerging electrocatalyst materials, metallenes, a class of atomically thin 2D materials composed of metals and alloys, are gaining increasing attention due to their distinctive properties, including high surface area-to-volume ratios, excellent conductivity, and structural adaptability. This study explores the potential of metallenes—as an efficient electrocatalysts for energy-saving hydrogen production. This research focuses on synthesizing and characterizing Pd-based metallenes, particularly PdMo and PdMoNi. Electrochemical measurements were conducted using a three-electrode system in alkaline conditions, demonstrating the catalyst’s superior performance in both Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). Notably, Pd(0.03)MoNi(0.02) exhibited enhanced catalytic efficiency, achieving a cathodic current density of 10 mA/cm² at just 45 mV overpotential with a low Tafel slope, which is the indication of improved reaction kinetics. This study underscores the impact of Ni doping in PdMo metallenes, with evidence of enhanced electron transfer and structural integrity. For instance, XPS analysis reveals that the binding energy of Pd 3d in PdMo-Ni exhibits a 0.3 eV negative shift compared to PdMo. This chemical shift suggests that the electronic structure of Pd is altered due to electron transfer between Ni and Pd atoms. TEM images also demonstrate an increase in d-spacing from 0.231 nm in PdMo to 0.242 nm in PdMoNi, further indicating the structural changes due to Ni incorporation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured to analyze the crystal structures of PdMo and Ni-doped PdMo, the characteristic diffraction peaks at 38.1ᵒ, 46.7ᵒ and 68.1ᵒ correspond to the (111), (200) and (220) planes of the FCC phase of Pd (JCPDS NO. 46-1043), respectively with the addition of the Ni, these peaks become sharper, indicating enhanced crystallinity. The double-layer capacitance (Cdl ) was determined by measuring the capacitive current related to double-layer charging at various scan rates (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mV/s) during cyclic voltammetry (CV). The Pd(0.03)MoNi(0.02) catalyst exhibits a Cdl of 0.13 mF/cm², indicating it has the largest effective electrochemical surface area (ECSA) among the other catalysts. This comprehensive investigation highlights metallenes as a promising class of electrocatalysts for clean hydrogen production. The work not only advances the understanding of metallenes synthesis and performance but also paves the way for future innovations in sustainable energy applications. By combining theoretical insights and experimental rigor, the findings contribute significantly to addressing global energy challenges through efficient and cost-effective hydrogen production technologies.

Keywords: electrocatalysis, green hydrogen, renewable Energy, 2D materials.

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2040 Exploring the Longitudinal Associations Between Environmental Regulation Intensity and Carbon Emissions from Rural Residential Buildings in China Based on a Hierarchical Linear Model

Authors: Xiaohan Wang, Hong Zhang, Xiaodong Liu

Abstract:

Amid the growing challenges of global climate change and ecological crises, China has set ambitious carbon neutrality and carbon peaking targets to address these environmental issues. Environmental regulation, as a policy tool, plays a crucial role in this effort, and its effective implementation is essential for decarbonization. However, most existing studies on environmental regulation tend to focus on a single level of analysis, failing to account for the interactions across multiple levels. Additionally, there is a lack of longitudinal studies on the implementation effects of provincial environmental regulations at lower levels of government. This study aims to examine the longitudinal relationship between the intensity of provincial environmental regulation and carbon emissions from rural residential buildings at the municipal level, using hierarchical linear modeling. It also explores heterogeneity based on economic development levels and the characteristics of environmental regulations.Data on socio-economic conditions and rural residential construction in 1,020 villages across 117 municipalities in 26 provincial administrative regions of China were collected through field surveys. The total carbon dioxide emissions were then calculated. Next, government work reports from each province were collected, and the frequency ratios of relevant keywords were processed using Python to quantify the environmental regulation intensity of provincial governments. Subsequently, null models, slope models, intercept models, and complete models were sequentially constructed using the HLM method to explore the link between provincial environmental regulation intensity and municipal carbon emissions from rural residential buildings. Finally, provinces were grouped based on their economic zoning characteristics and year-to-year changes in environmental regulation intensity. The heterogeneity of each province category was analyzed and compared.The results reveal that provincial environmental regulation moderates carbon dioxide emissions from rural residential buildings by influencing nine predictor variables, such as the presence of kitchens and flush toilets in rural housing. Heterogeneity analysis shows that in the more economically developed eastern coastal regions, an increase in the proportion of rural housing renovation leads to reduced carbon emissions, and the intensity of environmental regulation negatively moderates this effect, which further promotes carbon reduction. In contrast, in the central and western regions, an increase in environmental regulation intensity appears counterproductive to carbon reduction in this regard. Provinces where the intensity of environmental regulation has remained stable over time are better able to achieve the desired effects. This finding highlights the opportunity for policymakers to design targeted interventions for specific geographical areas and to pay particular attention to the factors contributing to relatively poor policy implementation.This study helps policymakers gain a better understanding of how the intensity of environmental regulation affects CO₂ emissions, providing insights for the development of more effective policies aimed at achieving carbon reduction goals.

Keywords: carbon dioxide emissions, environmental regulations, economic differences, hierarchical linear model, longitudinal associations

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2039 Component Damage, Failure, and Life Assessment

Authors: Abdullah Zaman Al-Merza

Abstract:

Background: Gas Turbines are internal combustion engines that consist of many parts. The major part is the gas turbine rotor. This Part is the most expensive. Frame-5 gas turbine has two mechanically independent Rotors. Namely, the High Pressure (HP) Rotor and Low Pressure (LP) or Power Turbine Rotor. LP rotor is subjected to about 1/3 of heat energy while HP rotor is subjected to 2/3 of heat energy. The expected life of these rotors is limited due to operating at high temperatures. In our case, the GE Frame 5 gas turbine LP rotor's expected life is 200,000 hours, and it was declared scrap after the expected life elapsed. For the first time in KOC, we implemented GE Frame-5 GT LP Rotor Life Extension in KOC gas turbine units. BS140 & BS150 gas facility are composed of 10 units of GE Frame 5A/B gas turbine that was commissioned in 1978. We have 5 numbers of spare LP rotors that exceeded 200K hours and were officially declared scrapped by the vendor. Sequentially, 5 numbers of running LP rotors have already crossed 200K hours. Due to the unavailability of LP rotor spares, we are unable to carry out PM activity for 10 units. To do so, purchasing 5 new LP rotors will require a total cost of (KD 630,000 x 5) KD 3,150,000. In addition, BS140 /150 GT parts and components are excessively 45 years old. It is not economical to install brand-new LP Rotors in 45-year-old machines. Method of Approach: A decision has been taken to discuss with the vendor about the potential rotor life extension. We obtained a scope of work for life extension, and the vendor accepted it after a long discussion. We use existing KOC materials to reduce the repair cost from KD 630,000 to KD 73,000 per rotor. Results: The total cost savings for 5 LP rotors are KD 2,374,500. The vendor has given us a warranty for LP rotors to be in operation for another 100,000 hours, but it must be overhauled every 48,000 hours as normal practice. Additional benefits: We are also able to obtain a scope of work for the life extension of HP. This will result in further savings of KD 650,000 after we apply rotor life extension also for HP Rotor (GE 5B). The cost of life extension for the HP rotor was 450,000 KD, while purchasing of new HP rotor will cost us 1,100,000 KD. We made a saving of 650,000 KD to the company by optimizing the running life of the HP rotor.

Keywords: GE Frame-5, LP & HP rotor, rotor life extension, scrap to reusable

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2038 Heat Exchanger for Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Nuclear Reactor

Authors: Yaksh Dharod

Abstract:

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) heat exchanger tubes are critical components that maintain the integrity of the primary-to-secondary coolant boundary, preventing radioactive material leakage. Over time, these tubes are susceptible to various degradation mechanisms, such as stress corrosion cracking, intergranular attack, and mechanical damage, which may lead to through-wall tube rupture. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the optimum heat exchanger for PWR steam generators. Emphasis is placed on understanding dynamic modeling approaches, the role of condition monitoring systems, and operator response strategies to minimize failure risks. The paper aims to improve reactor safety and reduce maintenance downtime. Future research directions are proposed, highlighting the need for enhanced data visualization and decision-making tools to support early fault diagnosis and extend tube life.

Keywords: heat exchanger, PWR, nuclear reactor, shell and tube

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2037 Control Water Pumping in a Hybrid System Used in Agriculture

Authors: D. Rekioua, Z. Mokrani, M. Mezzai, A. Oubelaid, K. Kakouche, T. Rekioua

Abstract:

This work investigates the performances of a photovoltaic and wind-for-water pumping system designed to improve water accessibility in rural and agricultural areas, particularly within the Mediterranean region. By combining solar and wind energy, the system maximizes energy capture across diverse environmental conditions, addressing the intermittency challenges typically associated with standalone renewable energy sources. Through detailed simulations, the study evaluates the system's energy efficiency, water output, and operational reliability. The integration of advanced energy storage solutions and a fuzzy logic control strategy (FLC) further enhances the optimization of PV and wind power, ensuring consistent and efficient performance. This hybrid configuration not only stabilizes the system but also exemplifies the importance of renewable energy production and water management using techniques used to the unique climatic and geographical characteristics of the Mediterranean region. The results demonstrate that the hybrid system offers a sustainable and resilient solution for agricultural irrigation and potable water supply. It represents a reliable alternative for off-grid applications, contributing to the sustainable development of energy and water resources in remote and rural areas while addressing critical environmental and resource challenges in the Mediterranean context.

Keywords: photovoltaic system, wind turbine, water management, pumping water, agriculture areas

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2036 Carbon Price Volatility in the New Zealand Emission Trading Scheme

Authors: Yudou Yang, Le Wen, Basil Sharp, Sholeh Maani

Abstract:

The emission trading scheme (ETS), a market-based mechanism regulated by the government, is considered one of the most cost-effective ways to solve climate issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of fossil fuels. Although some existing ETSs have already shown their anticipative effectiveness, many still face challenges, such as carbon price volatility. Price volatility is a key measure of market uncertainty. Excessive carbon price volatility could lower ETSs’ effectiveness and even reduce participants’ investment confidence. Hence, it is necessary and important to explore the characteristics and drivers of carbon price volatility. However, prior studies on carbon price volatility mainly focused on the European Union ETS and China’s national and regional ETSs. There is a lack of attention paid to the New Zealand ETS (NZ ETS), which is a crucial research gap given the special design of the NZ ETS and New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emission sources. To fill in this, we are first to empirically pay attention to the NZ ETS’s price volatility, systematically explore the supply-side, demand-side, and regulatory drivers of carbon price volatility, and initially examine the characteristics and drivers of carbon spot price volatility. We apply a series of autoregressive integrated moving averages (p, d, q)-exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (m, n)-X models to uncover the characteristics and drivers of carbon price volatility in the NZ ETS. Our key experimental results are (1) carbon price volatility in the NZ ETS is clustering, long-memory, and dynamically asymmetric. It tends first to increase more when positive shocks occur and then increases more in response to negative shocks in the large-lagged term. (2) Entitlement supply can impose significantly persistent impacts on the NZ ETS’s price volatility, first positive influence because of increased supply and then negative impacts given mean reversion theory. (3) Demand-side factors only have a short-term influence on carbon price volatility due to participants’ relatively stable demand for carbon allowances. (4) policy announcements regarding carbon allowances’ supply and demand are likely to increase carbon price volatility in the NZ ETS, and successful auctions with different settings show different impacts on the price volatility of the NZ ETS’ allowances. (5) the tightness of the entitlement transformation policy has significant potential to impact carbon price volatility, especially since too much tightening of this policy is able to cause high price volatility in this market. Our research enriches theories of regulating special ETSs, especially those with unique characteristics such as relatively inelastic demand, no real caps, unlimited usage of carbon credits, and a large potential supply of entitlements. More importantly, this study provides valuable references for Southeast Asian countries or regions, as most of them have abundant forestry resources and are operating or planning to establish an ETS to achieve their climate change targets.

Keywords: carbon, price volatility, NZ ETS, entitlement, free allocation, ARIMAR-EGARCH-X

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2035 Study of Pump Turbine Impeller Performance According to the Specific Speed

Authors: Ujjwal Shrestha, Young-Do Choi

Abstract:

Hydropower is a clean energy which reduces the consumption of fossil fuels. Pumped storage hydropower is the solution of storing electric energy (pump mode) and generating electricity (turbine mode) to meet the power grid demand for flexible regulation. The pump turbine impeller is the core equipment of pumped storage hydropower, which directly influences the performance of the pump-turbine system. The pump turbine impeller shape design is related to the specific speed of the pump turbine. With the increasing significance of pumped storage in the power system, there is a growing emphasis on improving the hydraulic performance of pump turbines at off-design conditions. When the pump-turbine operates at the off-design conditions, hydraulic losses in the pump-turbine components increase significantly. Theoretical and numerical analysis was used to evaluate the hydraulic losses of the pump-turbine components in turbine mode. The magnitude of hydraulic losses varies according to the operating conditions and impeller shape design. Hence, the hydraulic losses in the pump-turbine components are calculated based on specific speeds and flow conditions. Pump turbines with specific speeds (Ns) 30, 40, and 55 are designed to evaluate the hydraulic loss at various flow conditions. At partial and high flow rates, the hydraulic loss in each specific speed pump turbine is significantly higher than the best operating point. Especially in this study, at the partial flow rate, the Ns=55 pump turbine showed a comparatively lower loss magnitude than that of the Ns=30 pump turbine in turbine mode.

Keywords: pump turbine, specific speed, turbine mode, off-design range

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2034 Research on The Regulation Mechanism of Direct Current Electric Field Electrolysis on The Characteristics of The Oil-Water Interface and Its Potential Applications in The Oil and Gas Field

Authors: Qiang Li, Zhengfu Ning, Jun Li

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In the domain of petroleum and gas production, the oil - water interface is of paramount importance, significantly influencing separation processes, fluid flow behaviors, and recovery efficiency. This study innovatively pioneers the utilization of electrolysis to modulate the properties of the oil - water interface, with the primary objective of enhancing fluid mobility and optimizing hydrocarbon recovery. This novel approach not only presents an innovative solution but also upholds environmental sustainability and operational efficacy. A series of experiments was meticulously designed, in which oil - water mixtures were subjected to direct - current (DC) voltages of 0V, 5V, 10V, and 15V. By employing advanced precision instruments, comprehensive measurements were carried out on the variations in oil - water interfacial tension, aqueous - phase cation concentration, pH value, crude - oil composition, and interfacial viscosity. A thorough exploration of the underlying relationships among these parameters was conducted to clarify the action mechanism of the DC electric field on the oil - water interface, thus providing a vital theoretical basis for optimizing oil and gas production techniques. The experimental results indicate that, under the influence of a DC electric field, the oil - water interfacial tension shows a remarkable decrease as the voltage increases. Specifically, when the voltage reaches 15V, the interfacial tension is reduced by nearly 20%. Simultaneously, the asphaltene content in crude oil decreases substantially, accompanied by a notable change in the ratio of saturated hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons. This is postulated to be a key factor contributing to the reduction in interfacial tension. Additionally, the increase in aqueous - phase cation concentration and the rise in pH value jointly promote the reduction of interfacial tension. Viscosity tests show that, under the same shear - rate conditions, the oil sample exposed to a higher voltage has the lowest viscosity, and as the shear rate increases, the viscosity of the oil sample exhibits a distinct downward trend. This research represents an innovative and environmentally - friendly strategy for regulating the oil - water interface, minimizing the dependence on chemical additives and alleviating environmental impacts. It provides novel perspectives and practical solutions for engineers involved in oil and gas extraction, potentially revolutionizing industry practices.

Keywords: oil - water interface, electrolysis, interfacial tension, hydrocarbon recovery

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2033 Effect of Water-Based Fracturing Fluid on Methane Adsorption in Deep Shale Organic Nanopores from the Perspective of Molecular Simulations

Authors: Jun Li, Zhengfu Ning, Qiang Li

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Water-based fracturing stimulation is widely used in the shale gas stimulation field. Field data indicate that after fracturing, a significant portion of the fracturing fluid remains in shale gas reservoirs, ultimately affecting methane adsorption behavior. This study aims to investigate the stability of water-based fracturing fluid in the reservoir and its impact on methane adsorption behavior. In this study, ⅡD kerogen was used to construct a shale nanoslit pore model, and three main additives of common water-based fracturing fluids were constructed: polyacrylamide (PAM), hydroxypropyl Guar gum and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Based on the Grand Regular Monte Carlo method and molecular dynamics equilibrium simulation, the adsorption stability of the additive and kerogen interface was analyzed. The effects of pressure, additive type, and the number of additive molecules on methane adsorption characteristics in deep shale were comprehensively analyzed in conjunction with isothermal adsorption curves, relative concentration distributions, and Langmuir parameters. The results indicate that the main additives in water-based fracturing fluid can adsorb methane to some extent, but they also occupy pore space in shale, thereby reducing methane adsorption capacity. During the low-pressure stage, the effect of additives on adsorption predominated, leading to an increase in the methane adsorption capacity of kerogen. The order of increasing methane adsorption capacity was Guar gum > PAM > CTAB. In the high-pressure phase, the methane adsorption capacity of kerogen decreased due to the predominant effect of additives occupying pore space. The inhibition order was PAM > CTAB > Guar gum. As the number of additive molecules increased from 0 to 15, the Langmuir volume for the PAM system decreased from 24.41 to 20.12 mmol/g, for the Guar gum system to 21.72 mmol/g, and for the CTAB system to 21.37 mmol/g. This suggests that, in deep shale, the impact of slickwater fracturing fluid on methane adsorption is most significant. PAM inhibited methane adsorption at 9 MPa, while Guar gum and CTAB only showed inhibitory effects at 40 MPa. Furthermore, PAM is the most difficult to remove from the reservoir, followed by Guar gum, while CTAB is the easiest to remove. The innovation of this study lies in the use of molecular simulation to comprehensively examine the effects of pressure, types of water-based fracturing fluids, and their volumes on the methane adsorption characteristics in deep shale. This provides theoretical support for mitigating the damage of water-based fracturing fluids to shale reservoirs and enhancing shale gas production.

Keywords: hydraulic fracturing, water-based fracturing fluid, molecular simulation, reservoir damage, adsorption

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2032 Study on the Difference of Pore Structure of Coal and Shale and Its Effect on Methane Adsorption

Authors: Jun Li, Zhengfu Ning, Qiang Li

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An introductory statement that outlines the background and significance of the study: Unconventional natural gas, as a new energy source, is widely occurring in the world. Due to its clean advantages, it is being continuously promoted and developed. Coalbed methane and shale gas are a kind of unconventional natural gas resources in the form of adsorption in coal reservoirs. Increasing the development and utilization of unconventional natural gas can effectively supplement the energy gap and optimize the energy structure. A succinct description of the basic methodologies: Coal samples from Houwenjialiang Coal mine in Inner Mongolia and shale outcrop samples from Longmaxi Formation in China were selected as the research objects. A low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment was used to explore the differences between coal and shale pores, and an isothermal adsorption experiment was used to explore the differences in the methane adsorption characteristics of rocks. Then, based on the self-constructed 3D model of coal and 3D model of shale kerogen, the differences in methane adsorption mechanism between coal and shale are further explored based on Monte Carlo algorithm and molecular dynamics method. A clear indication of the major findings of the study: The results show that slit pores are mainly developed in coal and ink bottle pores are mainly developed in shale. The pore structure of coal, shale and sandstone is very different. Although the pore structure of coal and shale is different, pores <10 nm are the main contributor to the specific surface area. The degree of micropore development in coal is much greater than that in shale. Micropores provide most of the pore volume and specific surface area of coal. The pore volume of shale is mainly provided by mesoporous pores. The specific surface area of coal is 22.461m2/g. The specific surface area of shale is 13.931 m2/g. The adsorption capacity of coal for methane is stronger than that of shale, and the molecular simulation also shows the same results. Micropores provide more space and adsorption sites for methane adsorption by coal, so the adsorption capacity of coal for methane is much greater than that of shale, and the maximum adsorption capacity has a strong positive correlation with the specific surface area size of nano-pores. A concluding statement: The research results provide theoretical basis for the effective exploitation of coalbed methane and shale gas.

Keywords: coal, shale, pore structure, isothermal adsorption, molecular simulation

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2031 Above Solar-to-Hydrogen Efficiency Limits: The Supremacy of Electrolyser-Battery Synergy

Authors: Uchechi Chibuko, Tsvetelina Merdzhanova, Solomon Agbo, Uwe Rau, Ursula Wurstbauer, Oleksandr Astakhov

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Coupling of Photovoltaics (PV) to water electrolysers for production of hydrogen via water splitting holds great potential for long term energy storage and transportation. Similarly, the intermittency of PV power on short timescale from hours to days is more efficiently covered by batteries. In this work, we present two different system configurations. The first is the connection of a PV module to an alkaline electroylser/electrochemical (EC) cell stack referred to as a PV-EC system. This is carried out using a direct coupling approach for simplicity, implying the absence of any power electronics for the PV module maximum power point (MPPT) tracking. The second system involves connecting a lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) battery (B) pack parallel to the electrolyser which is connected to a PV module and referred to as a PV-EC-B system also using a direct coupling approach. The first motivation of studying the two different systems is the possibility of improved stability and round-the-clock operation of the electrolyser in the presence of the battery pack connected to it. In PV-EC configuration the electrolyser remains naturally idle during night times/ periods of insufficient irradiance which can lead to accelerated degradation and safety concerns. For the PV-EC-B configuration, the power of the PV is split between the electrolyser and the battery during the day enabling an extended operation of the electrolyser during the night/periods of insufficient solar irradiance as the battery powers the electrolyser. We delve into two major implications of this effect using optimized experimental procedures with the use of GaAs concentrator PV modules with an efficiency of 34.5% at 17.3 suns. The first implication deals with how the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of the systems is affected. The STH efficiency limit of the PV-EC configuration is obtained using an already established theoretical analysis of the electrolyser polarization curve. We therefore show that the experimental result of the PV-EC system yields an STH efficiency of 23.0% which is only 0.5% absolute less than its obtainable STH limit of 23.5%. However, the STH efficiency of the PV-EC-B is obtained to be 25.4% which is not only above the STH efficiency in the PV-EC configuration but also 1.9% absolute above the theoretical STH efficiency limit in the PV-EC configuration. The gain in STH efficiency is synergistic despite battery related losses as the electrolyser in the PV-EC-B configuration converts the same solar power as in the PV-EC system but at lower overpotentials. The second implication is the possibility of the electrolyser downscaling since the battery provides the possibility of running the electrolyser at lower potentials/ peak power. Our results show that the relative electrolyser size can be downscaled by a factor of 2 with the addition of a battery pack while keeping the STH efficiency without batteries. These two orthogonal investigations will be presented in well-defined steps showing determination of power requirements of the electrolyser, PV sizing, PV operation methodology using PV emulation, experimental obtained parameters and analysis of results. The results form a basis for investigation into more realistic operation, upscaling and techno-economic implications.

Keywords: photovoltaic, electrolyser, battery, solar-to-hydrogen efficiency

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2030 Analysis of Extreme Accidents in Large-Scale Molten Salt Storage Tanks: Catastrophic Consequences and Safety Assessment of Molten Salt Leakage and Foundation Seepage

Authors: Xiang Liu, Cunxian Chen, Hao Zhou

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In the operation of large-scale molten salt storage tanks, foundation seepage due to rising groundwater levels or extreme rainfall can lead to uneven settlement and foundation instability. Coupled with thermal shock and thermal fatigue on the tank's bottom plate, such conditions may result in local cracking or even tank collapse, causing severe environmental pollution and economic loss. This study constructed a 1:100 scale molten salt storage tank foundation system in the laboratory to investigate the effects of floodwater, groundwater, and molten salt mixtures on the tank's bottom plate and foundation materials. High-temperature strain gauges and three-dimensional temperature sensors were used to capture the thermal shock patterns and specific thermal stress values (ranging from -200 to 150 MPa) experienced by the tank's bottom plate during accidents. The study confirmed that the thermal conductivity of the foundation materials could increase by 2 to 5 times their original values. Additionally, uniaxial compression tests revealed trends in changes to the foundation materials' elastic modulus and compressive strength. Finally, combining experimental results with numerical simulations, a systematic safety assessment method for complex accidents in large-scale molten salt storage tanks was proposed.

Keywords: thermal energy seorsge, tank, safety assessment, molten salt leakage

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2029 The Future of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Overcoming Barriers to Widespread

Authors: Silvio Carlos Anibal de Almeida

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Hydrogen stands out as a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its significantly high energy density. The promise of a sustainable transportation system with fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) depends on overcoming economic and infrastructure barriers. The high cost of hydrogen and the scarcity of refueling stations require innovative solutions for the widespread adoption of FCEVs. Although developments in fuel cell technology have reduced costs in recent years, FCEVs are still considerably more expensive than internal combustion vehicles. This study analyzes the prospects for cost reduction of FCEVs, hydrogen, and the investments needed to expand the hydrogen distribution network. Projections indicate that the cost of FCEVs will align with that of gasoline cars by 2050, driven by technological maturation and mass production. Reducing the production costs of green hydrogen by reducing renewable energy costs, developing more efficient electrolyzers, and leveraging economies of scale could bring the price down to less than $5/kgH₂ by 2030. Government investment and public-private partnerships are essential to build a robust infrastructure for production, transportation, storage, and refueling stations. The goal of a sustainable transportation future powered by FCEVs can only be achieved by converging these factors.

Keywords: alternative vehicles, fuel cell, fuel cell electric vehicles, green hydrogen

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2028 Production of Green Hydrogen by Pyrolysis

Authors: Amaro Olímpio Pereira Junior, Silvio Carlos Anibal de Almeida, Matheus Dias da Rocha

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Hydrogen plays an important role in transitioning to a low-carbon economy as an alternative to fossil fuels. However, to become competitive, hydrogen must overcome technical and economic barriers: production costs, storage, transportation, and large-scale production from renewable sources. Due to its low cost, steam reforming of natural gas is the most used route for hydrogen generation. However, besides not reducing the dependence on fossil fuels, the process presents the inconvenience of GHG emissions. This work evaluates the economic feasibility and emissions of different hydrogen production routes from methane, which can be obtained from biogas, a renewable fuel. Three routes for hydrogen production were compared: steam reforming, catalytic pyrolysis, and plasma pyrolysis. The results analyzed CO₂ emissions and hydrogen production costs. Steam reforming presented hydrogen production costs ranging from R$ 20.08 to R$ 22.70/kgH₂ and pyrolysis from R$ 34.18 to R$ 36.74/kgH₂. However, considering the commercialization of carbon black, a byproduct of pyrolysis, the hydrogen production cost can be reduced from R$ 25.26 to R$ 27.72/kgH₂. Regarding emissions, values for steam reforming range from 1.39 to 6.75 kg CO₂/kgH₂, considering CCS technologies, and those for pyrolysis range from 0.18 to 1.19 kg CO₂/kgH₂.

Keywords: hydrogen, pyrolysis, plasma reforming, methane, decarbonization

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2027 Evaluating Produced Water Reuse: Opportunities and Risk Management in the Oil and Gas Industry to Reach Sustainability

Authors: Afrah Bader Al Edan

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In the context of increasing global water scarcity, the reuse of produced water from oil production has emerged as a crucial strategy for sustainable water management. There is a feasibility of produced water reuse by using various treatments in different regions worldwide to show the potential applications of treated produced water, such as in agriculture and industrial processes. risk assessment framework can be employed to evaluate environmental, health, and operational risks associated with reuse. The findings underscore the importance of integrating advanced treatment technologies and stringent risk management practices to maximize the safe and effective reuse of produced water, providing reliable insights for the oil and gas industry.

Keywords: produced water, risk assessment, oil and gas, environmental impact

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2026 Molecular Simulation of Competitive Adsorption of CO₂-Shale Oil in Kerogen with Different Moisture Content

Authors: Shanshan Yang, Zhengfu Ning, Ying Kang

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The competitive adsorption between shale oil and CO₂ in kerogen is of great significance for CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR) and CO₂ storage. In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) method is used to construct dry kerogen model, and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method is used to construct shale reservoir kerogen model with different moisture content. Considering the influence of moisture content and shale oil composition, the competitive adsorption behavior of shale oil and CO₂ in kerogen is simulated, and the feasibility of CO₂ storage was evaluated. The results show that the presence of moisture content significantly reduces the ability of CO₂ to replace shale oil. With the increase of moisture content, the adsorption capacity of shale oil decreases, and the effect of CO₂ replacement of shale oil is improved. The adsorption capacity of long chain alkanes in shale oil decreases under moisture condition, and the competitive adsorption effect between short chain alkanes and CO₂ is more obvious. This study provides an effective guide to quantitatively reveal the competitive adsorption between CO₂ and shale oil from the microscopic perspective.

Keywords: competitive adsorption, kerogen, moisture content, shale oil, carbon dioxide, molecular simulation

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2025 Solid-State Sodium Ion Battery Using Organic/Inorganic Composite as the Electrolyte

Authors: Li Lu

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This work studies the processing of an all-solid-state sodium-ion battery (ASSB), utilizing sodium vanadium phosphate (NVP) as both the cathode and anode. The solid electrolyte is composed of a polymer matrix combined with nanoscale sodium zirconium phosphosilicate, Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO1₁₂ (NZSP) framework. To effectively enhance the desolvation of sodium salt, NaTFSI in the composite electrolyte, ferroelectric nano-ceramic particles are added to the electrolyte, achieving a high ionic conductivity in the range of 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻³ S/cm at room temperature. The full battery demonstrates impressive cycling performance, maintaining stability over 1000 charge/discharge cycles with minimal degradation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed to indirectly observe the ion transportation mechanisms within the battery, providing insights into the dynamics of sodium ion (Na⁺) movement. This study highlights the potential of polymer-NZSP composite electrolytes in enhancing the performance and longevity of ASSBs for next-generation energy storage applications.

Keywords: solid-state electrolyte, solid-state battery, composite electrolyte, impedance

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2024 Advancements in Renewable Energy: A Path to a Greener Tomorrow

Authors: Ranganath, A. P Achar

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Introduction: The urgent need to tackle climate change and environmental degradation highlights the significance of Renewable Energy Systems and Sources (RESSs). This paper explores the impactful roles of various RESSs—including wind, solar, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy—in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development. It examines emerging technologies in energy storage and artificial intelligence to enhance renewable energy efficiency and reliability. The study also assesses essential policies for transitioning from conventional energy systems to renewables, focusing on grid interactivity and public awareness. Ultimately, this research aims to demonstrate how RESSs can drive climate resilience and contribute to a sustainable future. Objectives: The analysis aims to examine the contributions of various Renewable Energy Supply Systems (RESSs) in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development while highlighting emerging trends and technologies such as advancements in energy storage, hybrid systems, and the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance efficiency and reliability in renewable energy production. Additionally, it will assess the necessary policies and strategies for transitioning from conventional energy systems to renewable alternatives, focusing on aspects like grid interactivity, energy transformation, public awareness, and smart grid technologies. Methodology: This study employs a multi-faceted approach that includes a comprehensive literature review to gather insights on Renewable Energy Supply Systems (RESS) contributions to sustainability, quantitative data collection on energy production and greenhouse gas emissions from organizations like IRENA, and in-depth case studies of specific RESS projects across various geographical locations to illustrate practical applications. Additionally, it involves trend analysis through expert interviews and industry reports to identify emerging technologies, policy evaluation by analyzing existing policies with a focus on grid interactivity and public awareness, and the synthesis of findings by integrating insights from diverse sources to draw conclusions about the impact of RESSs. Contributions of the Paper: This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Renewable Energy Supply Systems (RESSs) in combating climate change while identifying emerging technologies, including current trends in energy storage and the integration of artificial intelligence in renewable energy systems. The paper offers actionable policy recommendations to facilitate the transition to renewable energy, illustrated through case studies that present best practices and real-world applications. Additionally, the findings highlight gaps in existing knowledge, encouraging further research into the sustainability impacts of RESSs. Overall, this study elucidates how RESSs can be instrumental in achieving climate resilience and environmental sustainability, ultimately contributing to a cleaner and greener future.

Keywords: renewable energy, sustainability, energy storage, artificial intelligence

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2023 Integrating Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development: A Thermoeconomic Perspective

Authors: Sripad Gowda, Praveen Nail

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Introduction: The urgent need for sustainable development has propelled the exploration and implementation of renewable and alternative energy technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive study on energy systems design and thermoeconomic analysis, focusing on optimizing the integration of renewable energy sources into existing infrastructures. Various renewable technologies, including solar, wind, and biomass, are analyzed to assess their economic viability, efficiency, and environmental impacts. Objectives: This study adopts a comprehensive approach to assess the role of renewable energy supply systems (RESSs) in promoting sustainability. It begins with an extensive literature review, aggregating insights from existing research. Quantitative data on energy generation and greenhouse gas emissions is sourced from reputable entities like the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). In-depth case studies of specific RESS projects across various regions highlight practical applications. Trend analysis identifies emerging technologies through expert interviews and industry reports. Additionally, the study evaluates current policies, focusing on crucial elements such as grid interactivity and public awareness. Ultimately, the findings synthesize diverse insights to evaluate RESSs' sustainability impact. Methodology: This study uses a multi-faceted approach to explore how renewable energy supply systems (RESSs) contribute to sustainability. First, it includes a literature review to gather information from existing studies about RESSs. Next, quantitative data on energy production and greenhouse gas emissions is collected from organizations like the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The study also examines specific RESS projects through case studies in different locations to show their practical use. Additionally, it identifies new technologies by conducting expert interviews and reviewing industry reports. The methodology assesses current policies, focusing on important aspects like grid interactivity and public awareness. Finally, the findings are combined to provide a clear understanding of the impact of RESSs on sustainability. Outcomes: The findings underscore the importance of developing innovative design strategies that enhance energy conversion processes while minimizing waste and emissions. The study reveals critical insights into the economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy technologies, demonstrating that careful consideration of initial investments, operational costs, and potential returns can lead to more sustainable energy solutions. Additionally, barriers to widespread adoption are identified, alongside suggested pathways to overcome these challenges, providing practical recommendations for policymakers and industry stakeholders. Ultimately, this research contributes valuable insights that facilitate informed decision-making aimed at achieving sustainable development goals, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and addressing the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental degradation.

Keywords: sustainable development, renewable energy, thermoeconomic analysis, energy systems

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2022 Optimizing Thermal Management and Spatial Efficiency in Electric Vehicle Battery Modules Using Hexagonal Cells with Zig-Zag Cooling Channels

Authors: Emmanuel Ikegwuonu, Sixtus Afam, Godslove Uwumwonse, David Val-Izevbigie, Goodnews Imakpokpomwan

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The growing demand for electric vehicles has intensified the need for efficient battery thermal management systems to enhance performance, safety, and longevity. This study investigates the spatial efficiency and thermal performance of battery modules utilizing hexagonal cells integrated with a zig-zag liquid cooling channel and makes a comparative analysis with conventional cylindrical cells with serpentine cooling channels. The results revealed that the hexagonal cells offer superior spatial efficiency, occupying less area per cell due to their compact packing structure. This efficiency not only reduces the overall module footprint but also creates opportunities to incorporate additional batteries or enhance thermal management systems, potentially increasing battery capacity and thermal performance. Numerical analysis on ANSYS Fluent showed that the zig-zag cooling channel effectively minimized temperature gradients within the modules. Compared to cylindrical cells, hexagonal cells demonstrated improved thermal uniformity, with lower maximum and average cell temperatures due to their tighter packing and enhanced contact with the coolant. The findings emphasize the combined advantages of hexagonal cells and zig-zag cooling channels in optimizing battery performance for electric vehicles. This research provides valuable insights for the development of next-generation battery modules with enhanced spatial and thermal efficiency, contributing to the advancement of electric vehicle and renewable energy storage technology.

Keywords: battery module, cylindrical cells, electric vehicle, hexagonal cells, serpentine cooling channels, spatial efficiency, thermal management, zig-zag cooling channels

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2021 Advancing OER Catalysis with Mn-Doped CoFe-LDH: A Scalable 3D Nanostructured Catalyst for Sustainable and High-Performance Energy Technologies

Authors: Rajini Murugesan, Anantharaj Sengeni, Arthanareeswari Maruthapillai

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The global transition to renewable energy hinges on breakthroughs in catalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) a bottleneck in fuel cell and water-splitting technologies. The 3D nanostructured Mn-doped CoFe-LDH catalyst merges high-performance engineering with next-generation material design. By leveraging the synergistic effects of Mn doping within the CoFe-LDH framework, this self-supported catalyst achieves a quantum leap in OER efficiency. The strategically tailored 3D architecture amplifies active surface areas and facilitates seamless electron transport, while Mn incorporation fine-tunes the electronic structure, unlocking new catalytic pathways. Synthesized through an accessible hydrothermal approach, the material redefines scalability in catalyst production. The Mn-doped CoFe-LDH delivers industry-leading performance, with an impressively low overpotential of 255 mV at 20 mA cm⁻², combined with enduring stability over 24 hours of rigorous operation in alkaline media. This remarkable performance not only rivals state-of-the-art alternatives but also offers a sustainable, cost-effective solution tailored for real-world energy applications. Our findings bridge the gap between material innovation and practical implementation, setting a benchmark for OER catalysis in the era of clean energy. The Mn-doped CoFe-LDH isn’t just a catalyst; it’s a vision for the future of sustainable energy technologies.

Keywords: clean energy, fuel cells, layered double hydroxides (LDH), oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

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