Affirming Students’ Attention and Perceptions on Prezi Presentation via Eye Tracking System

Authors: Mona Masood, Norshazlina Shaik Othman

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to investigate graduate students’ visual attention and perceptions of a Prezi presentation. Ten postgraduate master students were presented with a Prezi presentation at the Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The eye movement indicators such as dwell time, average fixation on the areas of interests, heat maps and focus maps were abstracted to indicate the students’ visual attention. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the students’ perception of the Prezi presentation in terms of text, slide design, images, layout and overall presentation. The result revealed that the students paid more attention to the text followed by the images and sub heading presented through the Prezi presentation.

Keywords: Eye tracking, Prezi, visual attention, visual perception.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1097076

References:

[1] S. Kahraman, C. Çevik, and H. Kodan, “Investigation of university students’ attitude toward the use of PowerPoint according to some variables,” Procedia–Computer Science Journal, vol. 3, pp. 1341-1347. 2011.
[2] M. J. M. Ferreira, “Intelligent classrooms and smart software: Teaching and learning in today’s university.” Education and Information Technologies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3-25, 2012.
[3] S. Arifalo, K. Ajisola, A. Adesanmi, and E. Tola, “PowerPoint as an ICT tool for teaching and learning in the schools focusing on secondary and tertiary institutions in Nigeria.” International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 2519-2522, 2013.
[4] Anderson, I. “Approaches to signal flow pedagogy: A black box model and scalable, interactive studio modeling using Prezi presentation software.” In Audio Engineering Society Conference: 50th International Conference: Audio Education. Audio Engineering Society, July 2013.
[5] M. M. Ladores, Instant Prezi Starter. Packt Publishing Ltd., 2013.
[6] S. Stokes, “Visual literacy in teaching and learning: A literature perspective.” Electronic Journal for the Integration of technology in Education, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10-19, 2002.
[7] J. Holzl, “Twelve tips for effective PowerPoint presentations for the technologically challenged.” Medical Teacher, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 175- 179, 1997.
[8] L. P. Rieber, Computers, Graphics & Learning. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark. 1994.
[9] R. E. Wileman, Visual Communicating. Englewood. Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications, 1993.
[10] M. A Seaman, “Developing visual displays for lecture-based courses. Teaching of Psychology,” vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 141-145, 1998.
[11] A. Arntson, Graphic Design Basics. Cengage Learning, USA, 2007.
[12] B. C. Green, N. Murray, and S. Warner, “Understanding website useability: An eye–tracking study of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games website.” International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 257-271, 2011.
[13] A. Glöckner, and A. K. Herbold, “An eye‐tracking study on information processing in risky decisions: Evidence for compensatory strategies based on automatic processes.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 71-98, 2011.
[14] T. Van Gog, and K. Scheiter, “Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning.” Learning and Instruction, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 95-99, 2010.
[15] S. Djamasbi, M. Siegel, and T. Tullis, “Generation Y, web design, and eye tracking.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 307-323, 2010.
[16] F. Y. Yang, C. Y. Chang, W. R. Chien, Y. T. Chien, and Y. H. Tseng, “Tracking learners' visual attention during a multimedia presentation in a real classroom.” Computers & Education, 62, 208-220, 2013.
[17] B. Perron, and A. Stearns, “A review of a presentation technology: Prezi.” Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 1-2, DOI: 10.1177/1049731510390700, 2010.
[18] C. Conboy, S. Fletcher, K. Russell, and M. Wilson, “An evaluation of the potential use and impact of Prezi, the zooming editor software, as a tool to facilitate learning in higher education.” Innovative in Practice, vol. 7, pp. 31-45, 2012.
[19] J. Bort, “Presentation Maker Prezi Added New Features to Lure Business Users Away From PowerPoint.” Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/prezi-reaches-30-million-users-2013- 11?IR=T&, 2013.
[20] R. Atkinson and R. Shiflrin, “Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes.” In K. Spence & J. Spence (Eds), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory: Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1968.
[21] A. Paivio, Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[22] J. Sweller, “Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning.” Cognitive Science, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 257-285, 1988.
[23] R. E. Mayer, Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[24] R. E. Mayer, “Cognitive theory of multimedia learning”. The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, pp. 31-48, 2005.
[25] R. E. Mayer, “Applying the science of learning: evidence-based principles for the design of multimedia instruction.” American Psychologist, vol. 6, no. 8, 760, 2008.
[26] R. Williams, The Non-designer's Design Book. Peachpit Press. 2008.
[27] D. Lauer, and S. Pentak, Design Basics. Cengage Learning, 2008.
[28] J. M. Apperson, E. L. Laws and J. A. Scepansky, “An assessment of student preferences for PowerPoint presentation structure in undergraduate courses.” Computers and Education, vol. 50, pp. 148- 153, 2008.
[29] Uz, C., Orhan,.F., & Bilgic, G. Prospective teachers’ opinion on the value of PowerPoint presentations in lecturing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 2051-2059, 2010.
[30] D. George, and M. Mallery, Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Allyn& Bacon, 2003.
[31] P. Kline, The Handbook of Psychological Testing. (2nd ed.). London: Routledge, 2000, p. 13.
[32] R. J. Jacob, and K. S. Karn, “Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises.” Mind, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 574-605, 2003.
[33] M. Alley, and K. A. Neeley, Rethinking the design of presentation slides: A case for sentence headlines and visual evidence. Technical Communication, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 417-426, 2005.
[34] B. Sharif, and J. I. Maletic, “An eye tracking study on the effects of layout in understanding the role of design patterns.” In Software Maintenance (ICSM), 2010 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp. 1-10, IEEE. September, 2010.
[35] S. Yusuf, H. Kagdi, & J. I. Maletic, “Assessing the comprehension of UML clas class diagrams via eye tracking.” In Program Comprehension, 2007. ICPC'07. 15th IEEE International Conference on pp. 113-122, IEEE. June, 2007.
[36] D. G. Levasseur, and J. K. Sawyer, “Pedagogy meets PowerPoint: A research review of the effects of computer-generated slides in the classroom.” The Review of Communication, vol. 6, no. 1-2, pp. 101-123, 2006.