Spatial Structure and Spatial Impacts of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A Southeast Asian EMR Perspective

Authors: Ikhwan Hakim, Bruno Parolin

Abstract:

This paper investigates the spatial structure of employment in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), with reference to the concept of the Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR). A combination of factor analysis and local Getis-Ord (Gi*) hot-spot analysis is used to identify clusters of employment in the region, including those of the urban and agriculture sectors. Spatial statistical analysis is further used to probe the spatial association of identified employment clusters with their surroundings on several dimensions, including the spatial association between the central business district (CBD) in Jakarta city on employment density in the region, the spatial impacts of urban expansion on population growth and the degree of urban-rural interaction. The degree of spatial interaction for the whole JMA is measured by the patterns of commuting trips destined to the various employment clusters. Results reveal the strong role of the urban core of Jakarta, and the regional CBD, as the centre for mixed job sectors such as retail, wholesale, services and finance. Manufacturing and local government services, on the other hand, form corridors radiating out of the urban core, reaching out to the agriculture zones in the fringes. Strong associations between the urban expansion corridors and population growth, and urban-rural mix, are revealed particularly in the eastern and western parts of JMA. Metropolitan wide commuting patterns are focussed on the urban core of Jakarta and the CBD, while relatively local commuting patterns are shown to be prevalent for the employment corridors.

Keywords: Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Southeast Asian EMR, spatial association, spatial statistics, spatial structure.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328840

References:

[1] Soegijoko, B. T. and B S Kusbiantoro. 2001. Globalization and the sustainability of Jabotabek, Indonesia. In Lo, F-C. and P.J. Marcotullio(Eds). Globalization and the sustainability of cities in the Asia Pacific region. United Nations University Press.
[2] Firman, T. 1998. The restructuring of Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A "global city" in Asia. Cities 4:229-243.
[3] Soegijoko, B. T. 1996. Jabotabek and globalization. In Yeung, Y. and F. Lo (Eds). Emerging world cities in Pacific Asia. New York: United Nations University Press.
[4] Winarso, H. and T. Firman. 2002. Residential land development in Jabotabek, Indonesia: triggering economic crisis? Habitat International 26:487-506.
[5] Winarso, H. 2000. Residential land developers' behaviour in Jabotabek, Indonesia. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning. London: University of London.
[6] Jones, G. W. 2002. Southeast Asian urbanization and the growth of mega-urban regions. Journal of Population Research 19 (2):119-136.
[7] Kelly, P. 1999. Everyday urbanization: The social dynamics of development in Manila's extended metropolitan region. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (2):283-303.
[8] McGee, T and I. Robinson. 1995. Preface. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press, pp. ix-x.
[9] McGee, T. 1989. Urbanisasi or kotadesasi? Evolving patterns of urbanization in Asia. In: Costa, F.J., A.K. Dutt, L.C.J. Ma and A.G. Noble (eds). Urbanization in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
[10] Firman, T. 1996. Urban development in Bandung Metropolitan Region. Third World Planning Review 18 (1):1-21.
[11] Jones, G. W. 2001. Studying extended metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia. Paper presented at The XXIV General Conference of the IUSSP, at Salvador, Brazil.
[12] McGee, T. 1994. Labour force change and mobility in the extended metropolitan regions of Asia. In Fuchs, R.J. and U. N. University. Megacity growth and the future. New York: United Nations University Press.
[13] Jones, G. W., C-L. Tsay and B. Bajracharya. 1999. Demographic and employment change in megacities of Southeast and East Asia. Demographic Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University.
[14] Suara Karya online. August 24, 2008. Indonesia movieland di Jababeka selesai 2011 /Indonesian Movieland in Jababeka to be completed in 2011. http://www.suarakarya-online.com/
[15] Asian Development Bank. 1997. The Asian Development Bank on Asia's Megacities. Population and Development Review 23 (2):451-459.
[16] Mamas, S., G. Jones and T. Sastrasuanda. 2001. A zonal analysis of demographic change in Indonesia's megacities. Third World Planning Review 23 (2):155-175.
[17] Ocampo, R. B. 1995. The Metro Manila mega-region. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[18] Dharmapatni, I. and T. Firman. 1995. Problems and challenges of megaurban regions in Indonesia: the case of Jabotabek and the Bandung Metropolitan Area. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The megaurban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[19] Douglass, M. 1989. The environmental sustainability of development: Coordination, incentives and political will in land use planning for the Jakarta Metropolis. Third World Planning Review 11 (2):211-238.
[20] Steinberg, F. 2007. Jakarta: environmental problems and sustainability. Habitat International 31:354-365.
[21] Soegijoko, B. T. 1999. National urban development strategy in Indonesia - case study: Jabotabek. In Brotchie, J., P. Newton, P. Hall and J. Dickey (Eds). East West Perspectives on 21st century urban development. Aldershot: Ashgate.
[22] Winarso, H. 2005. City for the rich. Paper presented at 8th International Conference of the Asian Planning Schools Association, 11-14 September, 2005, at Penang, Malaysia.
[23] Firman, T. 2004. New town development in Jakarta Metropolitan Region: a perspective of spatial segregation. Habitat International 28:349-368.
[24] Douglass, M. 2005. Globalization, mega-projects and the environment: Urban form and water in Jakarta. Paper presented at The UCLA Globalization Research Center - Africa.
[25] Kaothien, U. 1995. The Bangkok Metropolitan Region: policies and issues in the seventh plan. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[26] Susilo, Y., W. Santosa, T. Joewono and D. Parikesit. 2007. A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta Metropolitan Area. IATSS Research 31 (1):59-68.
[27] Marcotullio, P. J, and Y-S. Lee. 2003. Urban environmental transitions and urban transportation systems. IDPR 25 (4):325-354.
[28] Hanson, Mark E. 1989. The motor vehicle dominated city as a nonsustainable urban form: Mexico City and Jakarta. Computers, Enviroment and Urban Systems 13:95-108.
[29] Richardson, H. W. 1993. Efficiency and welfare in LDC mega-cities. In Kasarda, J.D. and A.M. Parnell (Eds). Third world cities: problems, policies, and prospects. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
[30] Kittiprapas, S. 2001. The extended Bangkok region: globalization and sustainability. In F-C. Lo and P. J. Marcotullio (Eds). Globalization and the sustainability of cities in the Asia Pacific region. United Nations University Press.
[31] Webster, D. 1995. Mega-urbanizations in ASEAN: new phenomenon or transitional phase to the ÔÇÿLos Angeles World City-? In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[32] Hadiwinoto, S. and J. Leitmann. 1994. Urban enviromental profile: Jakarta. Cities 11 (3):153-157.
[33] Mohan, R. 1994. Understanding the developing metropolis: lessons from the city study of Bogota and Cali, Colombia. New York: Oxford University Press.
[34] Rustiadi, E. and D. R. Panuju. 2002. Spatial pattern of suburbanization and land-use change process: case study in Jakarta suburb. In Himiyama, Y., M. Hwang and T. Ichinose (Eds). Land-use changes in comparative perspective. Enfield: Science Publishers.
[35] Getis, A. and J.K. Ord. 1992. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis 24 (3): 189-206.
[36] Giuliano, G. and K. A. Small. 1991. Subcenters in the Los Angeles region. Regional Science and Urban Economics 21:163-182.
[37] Anas, A., R. Arnott and K. A. Small. 1998. Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature 26:1426-1464.
[38] Baumont, C., C. Ertur and J. Le Gallo. 2004. Spatial analysis of employment and population density: the case of the agglomeration of Dijon, 1999. Geographical Analysis 36: 146-176.
[39] Guillain, R., J. Le Gallo and C. Boiteux-Orain 2006. Changes in spatial and sectoral patterns of employment in Ile-de-France, 1978-97. Urban Studies 43 (11): 2075-2098.
[40] Anselin, L. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association: LISA. Geographical Analysis 27 (2): 93-115.
[41] Ord, J.K. and A. Getis. 1995. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geographical Analysis 27: 286- 306.
[42] Bappenas-JICA. 2004. The Study on Integrated Transportation Master Plan for Jabodetabek - SITRAMP Phase II: Working Paper Vol. 01 - Transportation Survey. PCI - Almec Corporation.
[43] Field, A. 2005. Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications, pp. 632-634.
[44] Fotheringham, A., C. Brunsdon and M. Charlton. 2002. Geographically weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, p. 183.
[45] Bao, S., M.S. Henry and D. Barkley. 1995. RAS: a regional analysis system integrated with Arc/Info. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 19 (1): 37-56.
[46] Ministry of Public Works. 1981. Jabotabek Metropolitan Development Plan: Executive Summary. Jakarta: Indonesia, p.6.
[47] Bourne, L S. 1987. Evaluating the aggregate spatial structure of Canadian metropolitan areas. The Canadian Geographer 31 (3):194-208.