Hazard Contributing Factors Classification for Petrol Fuel Station

Authors: Mirza Munir Ahmed, S.R.M. Kutty, Mohd Faris Khamidi, Idris Othman, Azmi Mohd Shariff

Abstract:

Petrol Fuel Station (PFS) has potential hazards to the people, asset, environment and reputation of an operating company. Fire hazards, static electricity air pollution evoked by aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds are major causes of accident/incident occurrence at fuel station. Activities such as carelessness, maintenance, housekeeping, slips trips and falls, transportation hazard, major and minor injuries, robbery and snake bites has a potential to create unsafe conditions. The level of risk of these hazards varies according to location and country. The emphasis on safety considerations by the government is variable all around the world. Developed countries safety records are much better as compared to developing countries safety statistics. There is no significant approach available to highlight the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions during operation and maintenance of fuel station. Fuel station is the most commonly available facilities that contain flammable and hazardous materials. Due to continuous operation of fuel station they pose various hazards to people, environment and assets of an organization. To control these hazards, there is a need for specific approach. PFS operation is unique as compared to other businesses. For smooth operations it demands an involvement of operating company, contractor and operator group. This study will focus to address hazard contributing factors that have a potential to make PFS operation risky. One year data collected, 902 activities analyzed, comparisons were made to highlight significant contributing factors. The study will provide help and assistance to PFS outlet marketing companies to make their fuel station operation safer. It will help health safety and environment (HSE) professionals to arrest the gap available related to safety matters at PFS.

Keywords: Accident, Contributing factors, carelessness, fire, explosion, injuries.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1063080

References:

[1] IARC, "Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs," IARCMonogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, vol. 29, pp. 95-148, 1982.
[2] Jukka Takala, "Global Estimates of Fatal Occupational Accidents," Epidemiolog, Vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 940-646, Sept. 1999.
[3] M. M. Ahmed, S. R. Kutty, A. M. Shariff, M.F Khamidi, "Application of At-Risk Behaviour Analysis and Improvement System (ARBAIS) Model in Construction Industry", Malaysian Construction Research Journal, 2010, Vol. 7|No. 2, Page 27 to 38. ISSN: 1985-3807.
[4] M. F. Khamidi, M. M.Ahmed, S. R. M Kutty, A. M Shariff, O.S Yik, ÔÇÿImportance of Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) at Construction Sites in Malaysia-,World Engineering Congress 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Confr on Engineering and Technology Education.
[5] Caltex Environment, Health, Safety & Community Report for 2002 & 2003.
[6] M.Dodsworth, K. E. Connelly, C. J. Ellett and P. Sharratt, "Organizational climate metrics as safety, health and environment performance indicators and an aid to relative risk ranking within industry", IChemE, Vol 85 (B1) 59-69.
[7] Powell, J. and Canter, D., 1985. Quantifying the human contribution to losses in the chemical industry, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 5(1): 37-53.
[8] Reason, J., 1990, Human Error. (Cambridge University Press, New York).
[9] Layfield, F., 1986, Sizewell B Public Enquiry (HMSO, London).
[10] Shigeki Kikukawaa, Hirotada Mitsuhashia, Atsumi Miyake, "Risk assessment for liquid hydrogen fueling stations", international journal of hydrogen energy 34 (2009) 1135-1141.
[11] Group, I.N.S.A., 1988, Basic Safety Principles for Nuclear Power Plants. (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).
[12] Cullen, W.D., 1990, The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster. (Department of Energy, HMSO, London, UK).
[13] Fennell, D., 1988, Investigation into King-s Cross Underground Fire. Department of Transport. (HMSO, London).
[14] Cullen, W.D., 2001, The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry Part 2 Report (HSE Books).
[15] Guldenmund, F.W., 2000, The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research, Safety Science, 34: 215-257.
[16] HSE, Factoring the human into safety: Translating research into practice. Benchmarking human and organizational factors in offshore safety. Research report 059, Accessed 12/03/2003 (www.hse.gov.uk).
[17] Silvia, S., Lima, L.M. and Baptista, C.S., 2004, OSCI: an organizational and safety climate inventory, Safety Science, 42: 205-220.
[18] Zohar, D., 2000, A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on micro accidents in manufacturing Jobs, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4): 587-596.
[19] Teo HP. Singapore Parliament Report, May 2004.
[20] Total Environment and Society Report 2009.
[21] Corporate Environment Report 2007, Pakistan State Oil.
[22] Reber, R.A. and Wallin, J.A., 1983. Validation of a behavioural measure of occupational safety. Journal of Occupational Behaviour Management 5 2, pp. 69-77.
[23] Reber, R.A. and Wallin, J.A., 1984. The effects of training, goal setting, and knowledge of results on safe behaviour: a component analysis. Academy of Management Journal 27, pp. 544-560. Full Text via CrossRef.
[24] Reber, R.A., Wallin, J.A. and Chhokar, J.S., 1984. Reducing industrial accidents: a behavioural experiment. Industrial Relations 23, pp. 119- 125. Full Text via CrossRef
[25] A.N Matori B.U Aulia, "Suitability Analysis of Petrol Filling Station Site Using GIS", Malaysian Construction Research Journal, 2010, Vol. 7 No. 2, Page 1 to 14. ISSN: 1985-3807.
[26] Duangduan Yimrungruang, Voravit Cheevaporn, Thanomsak Boonphakdeeb, Pensri Watchalayann c and Herbert F. Helander b,d, "Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Gas Service Station Workers", EnvironmentAsia 2 (2008) 21-29.
[27] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Supplement 7. Lyons. USA. 1987.
[28] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Cancer Risk from Outdoor Exposure to Air Toxics. PA- 450_1- 90-004a. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.1990.
[29] Jo WK, Song KB. Exposure to volatile organic compounds for individuals with occupations associated with potential exposure to motor vehicle exhaust and/or gasoline vapor emissions. Science of the total Environment 2001; 269(1-3): 25-37.
[30] Hartle RW, Young RJ. Occupational benzene exposure at retail automotive service stations. Draft report. Division of Surveillance. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 1997.
[31] Kearney CA, Dunham DB. Gasoline vapor exposures at a high volume service station. American Industrial Hygiene Association 1986; 47: 535- 39.
[32] S. C. Rowat, "Integrated defence system overlaps as a disease model: with examples for multiple chemical sensitivity," Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 106, supplement 1, pp.85-109, 1998.
[33] N. E. Udonwa, E. K. Uko, B.M. Ikpeme, I. A. Ibanga, and B. O. Okon. Research Article Exposure of Petrol Station Attendants and AutoMechanics to PremiumMotor Sprit Fumes in Calabar, Nigeria, "Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Environmental and Public Health Volume 2009, Article ID 281876, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2009/281876.
[34] Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM), Loss Prevention Fundamentals, 2009. Figure 2/5-1: sales profits vs. Incident Costs.
[35] M.M.Ahmed, M.F.Khamidi S.R.M. Kutty, A. M. Shariff, "Analysis of Fuel Stations Hazards By Using Risk Assessment Criteria", Int-l Conference on Environment 2010 (ICENV 2010), Penang, Malaysia.
[36] M.M.Ahmed, S.R.M. Kutty, A.M. Shariff, M.F.Khamidi, "Safety Management System for Fuel Stations", 4th Int-l Conference, ESDev- 2011, CIIT, Abbottabad, Pakistan, 2011.