An Energy Efficient Protocol for Target Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Authors: Shun-Kai Yang, Kuo-Feng Ssu

Abstract:

Target tracking and localization are important applications in wireless sensor networks. In these applications, sensor nodes collectively monitor and track the movement of a target. They have limited energy supplied by batteries, so energy efficiency is essential for sensor networks. Most existing target tracking protocols need to wake up sensors periodically to perform tracking. Some unnecessary energy waste is thus introduced. In this paper, an energy efficient protocol for target localization is proposed. In order to preserve energy, the protocol fixes the number of sensors for target tracking, but it retains the quality of target localization in an acceptable level. By selecting a set of sensors for target localization, the other sensors can sleep rather than periodically wake up to track the target. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol saves a significant amount of energy and also prolongs the network lifetime.

Keywords: Coverage, energy efficiency, target localization, wireless sensor network.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328804

References:

[1] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, "A Survey on Sensor Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102-144, Aug. 2002.
[2] X. Wang, G. Xing, Y. Zhang, C. Lu, R. Pless and C. Gill, "Integrated Coverage and Connectivity Configuration in Wireless Sensor Networks," ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), pp. 28-39, Nov. 2003.
[3] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan and R. Morris, "Span: An Energy-efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks," ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pp. 85-96, Oct. 2001.
[4] H. Zhang and J. C. Hou, "Maintaining Sensing Coverage and Connectivity in Large Sensor Networks," Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, vol. 1, pp. 89-124, Mar. 2005.
[5] C.-F. Huang and Y.-C. Tseng, "The Coverage Problem in a Wireless Sensor Network," ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), pp. 115-121, Sept. 2003.
[6] T.-T. Wu and K.-F. Ssu, "Determining Active Sensor Nodes for Complete Coverage without Location Information," International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 38-46, Jan. 2005.
[7] W. Wang, V. Srinivasan, K.-C. Chua and B. Wang, "Energy-efficient Coverage for Target Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks," ACM International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), pp. 313-322, Apr. 2007.
[8] W. Wang, V. Srinivasan, K.-C. Chua and B. Wang, "Coverage for Target Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 667-676, Feb. 2008.
[9] C.-H. Ou and K.-F. Ssu and H.-C. Jiau, "Range-Free Localization with Aerial Anchors in Wireless Sensor Networks," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-21, Jan. 2006.
[10] G. Mao, B. Fidan and B. D. O. Anderson, "Wireless Sensor Networks Localization Techniques," Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2529-2553, July 2007.
[11] P. Bahl and V. N. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System," IEEE INFOCOM 2000, vol. 2, pp. 775-784, Mar. 2000.
[12] B. Hofmann Wellenhoff, H. Lichtenegger and J. Collins, Global Positioning System: Theory and Practice, 4th ed. Springer Verlag. 1997.
[13] A. Savvides, C.-C. Han and M. B. Strivastava, "Dynamic Fine-grained Localization in Ad-Hoc Networks of Sensors," ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pp. 166- 179, July 2001.
[14] D. Niculescu and B. Nath, "Ad Hoc Positioning System (APS) Using AoA," IEEE INFOCOM 2003, vol. 3, pp. 1734-1743, Mar. 2003.
[15] M. Broxton, J. Lifton and J. Paradiso, "Localizing a Sensor Network via Collaborative Processing of Global Stimuli," IEEE Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 321-332, Feb. 2005.
[16] F. Zhao, J. Shin and J. Reich, "Information-driven Dynamic Sensor Collaboration," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 61- 72, Mar. 2002.
[17] J. Aslam, Z. Butler, F. Constantin, V. Crespi, G. Cybenko and D. Rus, "Tracking a Moving Object with a Binary Sensor Network," ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), pp. 150-161, Nov. 2003.
[18] N. Shrivastava, R. Mudumbai, U. Madhow and S. Suri, "Target Tracking with Binary Proximity Sensors: Fundamental Limits, Minimal Descriptions, and Algorithms," ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), pp. 251-264, Mar. 2006.
[19] H. Yang and B. Sikdar, "A Protocol for Tracking Mobile Targets Using Sensor Networks," IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Networks Protocols and Applications, pp. 71-81, May 2003.
[20] W. Zhang and G. Cao, "DCTC: Dynamic Convoy Tree-based Collaboration for Target Tracking in Sensor Networks," IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, vol. 3, no. 5 pp. 1689-1701, Sept. 2004.
[21] W. Zhang and G. Cao, "Optimizing Tree Reconfiguration for Mobile Target Tracking in Sensor Networks," IEEE INFOCOM 2004, vol. 4, pp. 2434-2445, Mar. 2004.
[22] C. Gui and P. Mohapatra, "Power Conservation and Quality of Surveillance in Target Tracking Sensor Networks," ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pp. 129-143, Sept. 2004.
[23] X. Du and F. Lin, "Efficient Energy Management Protocol for Target Tracking Sensor Networks," IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, pp. 45-58, May 2005.
[24] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.
[25] The Network Simulator ÔÇö ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns, 2009.
[26] M. L. Sichitiu and V. Ramadurai, "Localization of Wireless Sensor Networks with a Mobile Beacon," IEEE Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), pp. 174-183, Oct. 2004.