Enhancement of Essential Oil from Agarwood by Subcritical Water Extraction and Pretreatments on Hydrodistillation

Authors: Nuttawan Yoswathana, M. N. Eshiaghi, K. Jaturapornpanich

Abstract:

The traditional method for essential oil extraction from agarwood (Aquilaria Crassna) is to soak it in water and follow with hydrodistillation. The effect of various agarwood pretreatments: ethanol, acid, alkaline, enzymes, and ultrasound, and the effect of subcritical water extraction(SWE) was studied to compare with the traditional method. The major compositions of agarwood oil from hydrodistillation were aroma compounds as follow: aristol-9-en-8- one (21.53%), selina-3, 7(11)-diene (12.96%), τ-himachalene (9.28%), β-guaiene (5.79%), hexadecanoic acid (4.90%) and guaia- 3,9-diene (4.21%). Whereas agarwood oil from pretreatments with ethanol and ultrasound, and SWE got fatty acid compounds. Extraction of agarwood oil using these pretreatments could improve the agarwood oil yields up to 2 times that of the traditional method. The components of the pretreated sample with diluted acid (H2SO4) at pH 4 gave quite similar results as the traditional method. Therefore, the enhancement of essential oil from agarwood depends on requirement of type of extracted oil that involved extraction methods.

Keywords: Agarwood, aquilaria crassna, hydrodistillation, subcritical water extraction.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1060381

References:

[1] A. Barden, N.A. Anak, T. Mulliken, and M.Song, Heart of the Matter: Agarwood Use and Trade, and CITES Implementation for Aquilaria Malaccensis, TRAFFIC International, 2000.
[2] M. Ishihara, T. Tsuneya, and K.J. Uneyama, Fragrant Sesquiterpenes from Agarwood, Phytochemistry, 33(5), 1147-1155, 1993.
[3] Wetwitayaklung, P., Thavanapong,N. and charoenteeraboon, J. 2009, Chemical constituents and Antsmicsobcal Actbity of Emential oil and Extracts of Heartwood of Aquilaria Crassna Obtained from Water Distillation and Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioside Extraction. J. Silpakorn U. Science & Tech, 3(1): 25-33.
[4] G.A. Persoon, and V.B.H. Heuveling, Growing ‘The Wood of The Gods’: Agarwood Production in Southest Asia, J. Advances in Agroforestry, 5, 245-262, 2008.
[5] T. Godfrey and S. West, Industrial Enzymology, London, Macmillan Press, 1996.
[6] C.C.Fuglsang, C. Johansen, S. Christgau and J. Adler-Nissen, Antimicrobial enzymes: applications and future potential in the food industry, Trends Food Sci Technol., 6, 390-396, 1995.
[7] Y.M. Galante, A. De Conti, and R. Monteverdi, Application of Trichoderma enzymes in Food and Feed industries, Washington, Taylor & Francis Press, 1988.
[8] A. Rosenthal, D.L. Pyle, and K. Niranjan. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 19(1996) 402-420.\
[9] Y.Zhengl, Z. Panl and R. Zhangl, Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic Ethanol Production, Int J Agric& Biol.Eng., 2(3), 51-68, 2008.
[10] M. Toma, M. Vinatoru, L. Paniwnyk and T.J. Mason, Investigation of the effects of Ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction, Ultrason. Sonochem, 8, 137-142, 2001.
[11] M. Entezari, H. Hagh, S. Nazary and M.H. Khodaparast, The direct effect of Ultrasound on the extraction of date3 syrup and its micro-organisms., Ultrason. Sonochem, 11, 379-484, 2004.
[12] D.T. Velikovi, M.T. Nikolova, S.V. Ivancheva, J.B. Stojanovi and V.B.Veljkovi, Extraction of Flavanoids from garden (Salvia Officinalis L.) and glutinous (Salvia Glutinosa L.) sage by Ultrasonic and classical maceration, J. Serb.Chem.Soc., 72(10) 73-80, 2007.
[13] V.F. Peres J. Saffi, M.S. Melecchi, C.Fernanda, R.A. Jacques, M.M. Mertinez, E.Oliveira and E.B. Caramao, Comparison of Soxhlet, Ultrasound assisted and pressurized liquid extraction of Terpenes, Fatty acids and Vitamin E from Piper Gaudichaudianum Kunth, J.Chromatography, 1105, 115-118, 2006.
[14] A.A. Gslkin and V.V. Lunin , Subcritical and supercritical water: a universal medium for chemical reactions, J. Russian Chemical Reviews,74(1), 21-35, 2005.
[15] A. Basile, M.M. Jimenez-Carmona and A.A. Clifford, Extraction of Rosemary by Superheated water, J.Agric.Food Chem, 46, 5205-5209, 1998.
[16] Y. Ju Zhi, and R.H. Luke, Subcritical water and sulfured water extraction of anthocyanins and other phenolics from dried red grape skin, J.of food science, 70(4), 270-276 , 2005.
[17] M.H. Eikani, F. Golmohammad and S. Rowshanzamir, Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from coriander seeds (Coriandrum Sativum L.) . J. of Food Engineering, 80, 735-740, 2007.
[18] M.M. Jimnez-Carmona, and M.D. Luque de Castro, Isolation of Eucalyptus Essential Oil for GC-MS Analysis by Exttraction with Subcritical Water, J.Chromatographia, 50 (9), 578-582,1999.
[19] J.E. Cacace and G. Mazza, Pressurized low polaraity water extraction of lignans from whole flaxseed, J. of Food Engineering, 77, 1087-1095, 2006.
[20] M.D. Luque de Castro, M.M. Jimnez-Carmona and V. Fernae ndez-Pee rez, Towards more rational techniques for the isolation of valuable essential oils from plants, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 18(11), 708- 716, 1999.
[21] M.F. Ramlan, Optimization of Agarwood Oil Extraction by using design of Experiment (DOE) method, Malaysia Pahang University, 2008.
[22] C.B. Huang, B. George, and J. L. Ebersole, Antimicrobial activity of n- 6, n-7 and n-9 fatty acids and their esters for oral microorganisms, Arch Oral Biol. 55(8): 555–560,2010.
[23] S.C. Benoit, C.J. Kemp1, C.F. Elias, W.Abplanalp, J.P.Herman, S.Migrenne, A.L. Lefevre, C.C. Guglielmacci, C.Magnan, F.Yu, K. Niswender, B.G. Irani, W.L. Holland and D.J. Clegg, Palmitic acid mediates hypothalamic insulin resistance by altering PKC-θ subcellular localization in rodents, J Clin Invest, 119(9):2577–2589, 2009.
[24] H.E. Grethlein and A.Converse, Common aspects of acid prehydrolysis and stream explosion for pretreating wood, J.Biores.Technol, 35, 77-82, 1991.
[25] Y. Zhengl, Z. Panl, and R.Zhangl, Overview of Biomass Pretreatment for Cellulosic Ethanol Production, Int J.Agric & Biol Eng, 2(3), 51-68, 2008.
[26] E. Marek, E.Weigelt, E.Mieth, G.Kerns, J. Kude, On the application of enzymes in the production of vegetable oil, J.Progr. Biotechnol., 6, 471- 474, 1990.
[27] S.J.B. Duff, W.D. Murray, Bioconversion of forest products industry waste cellulosics to fuel ethanol: a revew, , J.Biores.Technol, 55, 1-33, 1996.
[28] T.J. Mason, L.Paniwnyk, J.P. Lorimer, The uses of Ultrasound in food technology, Ultrason. Sonochem, 3, 253-260, 1996.
[29] F.Vinatoru, An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs, Ultrason. Sonochem., 8,303-313, 2001.
[30] M.H.Eikani, G.Fereshteh. S. Rowshanzamir, Subcritical Water extraction of Essential Oils from corriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L J. of Food Engineering, 80, 735-740, 2007.
[31] M.Khajenoori, A.A. Haghighi, F. Hormozi, M.H. Eikani and H.N. Bidgoli, Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oil from Zataria Multiflora Boiss, J. Food Proc.Eng., 32, 804-816, 2009.