Molecular Epidemiology and Genotyping of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China

Authors: Yan Ren, Jun Qiao, Xianxia Liu, Pengyan Wang, Qiang Fu, Huijun Shi, Fei Guo, Yuanzhi Wang, Hui Zhang, Jinliang Sheng, Xinli Gu, Xiao-Jun Liu, Chuangfu Chen

Abstract:

As part of national epidemiological survey on bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a total of 274 dejecta samples were collected from 14 cattle farms in 8 areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwestern China. Total RNA was extracted from each sample, and 5--untranslated region (UTR) of BVDV genome was amplified by using two-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR products were subsequently sequenced to study the genetic variations of BVDV in these areas. Among the 274 samples, 33 samples were found virus-positive. According to sequence analysis of the PCR products, the 33 samples could be arranged into 16 groups. All the sequences, however, were highly conserved with BVDV Osloss strains. The virus possessed theses sequences belonged to BVDV-1b subtype by phylogenetic analysis. Based on these data, we established a typing tree for BVDV in these areas. Our results suggested that BVDV-1b was a predominant subgenotype in northwestern China and no correlation between the genetic and geographical distances could be observed above the farm level.

Keywords: bovine viral diarrhea virus, molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1057621

References:

[1] Li, Y. M., Liu, Z. R., Wu, Y. L. (1983) Isolation and Identification of Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus Changchun 184. Chinese Journal of Veterinary 3: 113-121.
[2] Gao, S. D., Qiu, C. Q., Zhou, J. Z.´╝îZhang, Y. G.´╝îCheng, S. M., Wang, Y. L., Yang, X. L. (1999) Serologic Monitoring of Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease in Yellow Cattle and Yaks in Partial regions of the Southwestern and Northwestern Five Provinces. Chinese Journal of Veterinary science and technology 29: 17-18.
[3] Luosang, L. C., Suo, B., Zhang, Z. J., Zhang, Z. C., Wu, M. J., Zhu, Z. G. (1991) Isolation and Identification of BVDV from yak in Tibet. Chinese Journal of Veterinary science and technology 1:15-17.
[4] Zheng, Z. G., Liu, P. L., Zheng, Z. R., Wang, Y. L., Du, Y. Z. (1991) Survey of serum neutralizing antibody about Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus. China Animal Quarantine 5: 26-28.
[5] Makoto, N., Michilo, H., Mika, I., Toyoko, F., Hiroomi, A., Hiroshi, K., Yoshihiro, S. (2008) Identification of new genetic subtypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 isolated in Japan. Virus Genes 36: 135-139.
[6] Fauquet, C. M., Mayo, M. A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., Ball, L. A. (2005) Family Flaviviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA. (Eds.), Virus TaxonomyÔÇöClassification and Nomenclature of Virus. Eight Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Virus. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
[7] Wang, Z. C., Liu, C. X., Zhao, Z. S., Sha, W. L., Huang, Z. Y. (1992) Survey of Bovine viral diarrhea virus infected lamb. Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine 3: 13-15.
[8] Becher, P., Orlich, M., Shannon, A. D., Horner, G., Konig, M., Thiel, H. J. (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of pestiviruses from domestic and wild ruminants. J. Gen. Virol 78:1357-1366.
[9] Li, N., Han, M. L., Huang, X., BO, X. W., Wang, X. H., Zhao, Y. L., Zhong, F. G. (2009) Epidemiology Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Shihezi, Xinjiang. Journal of Shihezi University (Natural Science) 27: 706-711.
[10] Ding, J. H., Liu, L., Wang, Z. X., Huo, W. Y. (2006) Research progress on preventative treatment of Bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of Henan animal and veterinary sciences 27:11-12.
[11] Bolin, S. R., Moennig, V., Kelso Gourley, N. E., Ridpath, J. F. (1988) Monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity segregate isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus into groups. Arch. Virol 99: 117-124.
[12] Kelling, C. L. (2004) Evolution of bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20: 115-29.
[13] Baule. C., van Vuuren, M., Lowings, J. P., Belak, S. (1997) Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated in Southern Africa. Virus Res 52: 205-220.
[14] Karl, S., Jaruwan, K., Claudia, B., Mats, I., Jorge, M. L., Sandor, B., Stefan, A., Ann, L. (2005) Molecular epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea during the final phase of the Swedish BVD-eradication programme. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 72: 103-108.
[15] Baule, C., van Vuuren, M., Lowings, J. P., Belak, S. (1997´╝ëGenetic heterogeneity of bovine diarrhea viruses isolated in Southern Africa. Virus Res 52: 205-220.
[16] Flores, E. F., Ridpath, J. F., Weiblen, R., Vogel, F. S. F., Gil, L. H. V. G. ´╝ê2002´╝ëPhylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV2) isolates: evidence for a subgenotype within BVDV2. Virus Res 87: 51-60.
[17] Harasawa, R. (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of pestivirus based on the 5--untranslated region. Acta Virol 40: 49-56
[18] Jones, L. R., Zandomeni, R., Weber, E. L. (2001) Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from Argentina. Vet. Microbiol 81: 367-375.
[19] Nagai, M., Ito, T., Sugita, S., Genno, A., Takeuchi, K., Ozawa, T., Sakoda, Y., Nishimori, T., Takamura, K., Akashi, H. (2001) Genomic and serological diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Japan. Arch.Virol 146: 685-696.
[20] Sakoda, Y., Ozawa, S., Damrongwatanapokin S, Sato, M., Ishikawa, K., Fukusho, A. (1999) Genetic heterogeneity of porcine and ruminant pestiviruses mainly isolated in Japan. Vet. Microbiol 64: 75-86.
[21] Tajima, M., Frey, H-R., Yamato, O., Maeda, Y., Moennig, V., Scholz, H., Greiser-Wilke, I. (2001) Prevalence of genotypes 1 and 2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Lower Saxony, Germany. Virus Res 76: 31-42.
[22] Vilcek, S., Paton, D. J., Durkovic, B., Strojny, L., Ibata, G., Moussa, A., Loitsch, A., Rossmanith, W., Vega, S., Scicluna, M. T., Palfi, V. ( 2001) Bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 can be separated into at leasteleven genetic groups. Arch. Virol 146: 99-115.
[23] Ren, Y., Chen, C. F., Qiao, J., Wang, P. Y., Sheng, J. L., Wang, Y. Z., Zhang, Z., Li, Z. (2010) Development and Initial Application of a Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Method for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus.
[24] Becher, P., Orlich, M., Kosmidou, A., Konig, M., Baroth, M., Thiel, H-J. (1999) Genetic diversity of pestiviruses: identification of novel groups and implications for classification Virology 262: 64-71.
[25] Couvreur, B., Letellier, C., Collard, A., Quenon, P., Dehan, P., Hamers, C., Pastoret, P-P., Kerkhofs, P. (2002) Genetic and antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from Belgium. Virus Res 85: 17-28.
[26] Ren, M., Zhu, L. Q., Jiao, H. H., Ling, Y. Q., Tao, J., Jiang, Y., Liu, Z. H., Wang, C. B., Zhu, G. Q. (2009) Identification of Bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 isolates of XJ-04 and SD-06. Chinese Journal of Animal Infectious Diseases 17: 20-24.
[27] Jackova, A., Novackova, M., Pelletie, C., Audeval, C., Gueneau, E., Haffar, A., Petit, E.´╝îRehby, L., Vilcek, S. (2008) The extended genetic diversity of BVDV-1: Typing of BVDV isolates from France. Vet. Res Commun 32: 7-11.
[28] Graham, D. A., McLaren, I. E., Brittain, D., O-Reilly, P. J. (2001) Genetic typing of ruminant pestivirus strains from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Res. Vet. Sci 71: 127-134.
[29] Arias, P., Orlich, M., Prieto, M., Cedillo Rosales, S., Thiel, H. J., Alvarez, M., Becher, P. (2003) Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from Spain. Vet. Microbiol 96: 327-336.
[30] Mishra, N., Pattnaik, B., Vilcek, S., Patil, S. S., Jain, P., Swamy, N., Bhatia, S., Pradhan, H. K. (2004) Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus isolates from India. Vet. Microbiol 104: 207-212.
[31] Fulton, R. W., Ridpath, J. F., Ore, S., Confer, A. W., Saliki, J. T., Burge, L. J., Payton, M. E. (2005) Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) subgenotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: distribution of BVDV1a, 1b, and 2a subgenotypes. Vet. Microbiol 111: 35-40.
[32] Pizarro-Lucero, J., Celedon, M. O., Aguilera, M., de Calisto, A. (2006) Molecular characterization of pestiviruses isolated from bovines in Chile. Vet. Microbiol 115: 208-217.
[33] Toplak, I., Sandvik, T., Barlic-Maganja, D., Grom, J., Paton, D. J. (2004) Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: most Slovenian isolates are of genotypes 1d and 1f. Vet. Microbiol 99:175-185.
[34] Uttenthal, A., Stadejek, T., Nylin, B. (2005) Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) in Denmark during a 10-year eradication period. Apmis 113: 536-541.
[35] Arias, P., Orlich, M., Prieto, M., Cedillo Rosales, S., Thiel, H. J., Alvarez, M., Becher, P. (2003) Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from Spain. Vet. Microbiol 96: 327-336.
[36] Vilcek, S., Durkovic, B., Kolesarova, M., Paton, D. J. (2005) Genetic diversity of BVDV: Consequences for classification and molecular epidemiology. Prev. Vet. Med 72: 31-35.
[37] Evermann, J. F., Ridpath, J. F. (2002) Clinical and epidemiologic observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the northwestern United States. Vet. Microbiol 89: 129-139.
[38] Fulton, R. W., Ridpath, J. F., Salikim, J. T., Briggs, R. E., Confer, A. W., Burge, L. J., Purdy, C. W., Loan, R. W., Duff, G. C., Payton, M. E. (2002) Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1b: predominant BVDV subtype in calves with respiratory disease. The Canadian Journal of Vet Res 66: 181-190.
[39] Xu, X. R., Tu, C. C., Yu, X. L., Xiao, C., Zhang, Q. C., Zhang, L. Y., Zha, Y. F., Shi, Z. X. (2005) Cloning of the E2 gene of bovine virol diarrhea virus strain of Changchun184 and its expression in Escherichia coli. Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine 20: 626-631.
[40] Liu, S. Y., Ruxian, G. L. (1996) Isolation and identification of Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus. Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine 86:17-20.
[41] Zhang, G. H., Li, R. X., Li, J. L., Chang, H. T. (2005) Isolation and Identification of BVDV Regional Strains in Henan Province. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 3:71-73.
[42] Zhong, F. G., Wang, X. H., Shen, M., Wen, J. X., Zhang, Y. G. (2000) Isolation and identification of Bovine viral diarrhea virus. Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine 22:463-464.
[43] Huang, X., Wang, X. H., Zhong, F. G. (2009) Cloning of E2 gene of bovine viral diarrhea virus Manasi strain and expression of its major epitope domains in Escherichia coli. Chinese Veterinary Science 39: 321-326.