Improving Packet Latency of Video Sensor Networks

Authors: Arijit Ghosh, Tony Givargis

Abstract:

Video sensor networks operate on stringent requirements of latency. Packets have a deadline within which they have to be delivered. Violation of the deadline causes a packet to be treated as lost and the loss of packets ultimately affects the quality of the application. Network latency is typically a function of many interacting components. In this paper, we propose ways of reducing the forwarding latency of a packet at intermediate nodes. The forwarding latency is caused by a combination of processing delay and queueing delay. The former is incurred in order to determine the next hop in dynamic routing. We show that unless link failures in a very specific and unlikely pattern, a vast majority of these lookups are redundant. To counter this we propose source routing as the routing strategy. However, source routing suffers from issues related to scalability and being impervious to network dynamics. We propose solutions to counter these and show that source routing is definitely a viable option in practical sized video networks. We also propose a fast and fair packet scheduling algorithm that reduces queueing delay at the nodes. We support our claims through extensive simulation on realistic topologies with practical traffic loads and failure patterns.

Keywords: Sensor networks, Packet latency, Network design, Networkperformance.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1055367

References:

[1] "http://www.airport-int.com/categories/surveillancesolutions/ peoplemover-project-brings-21st-century-surveillance-system- to-dallas-airport.asp."
[2] "http://www.tropos.com/pdf/case studies/tropos casestudy new orleans.pdf."
[3] A. Demers, S. Keshav, and S. Shenker, "Analysis and simulation of a fair queuing algorithm," in SIGCOMM, 1989.
[4] J. B. H. and Zhang, "Wf2q : Worst case fair weighted fair queuing," in INFOCOM, 1996.
[5] M. Shreedhar and G. Varghese, "Efficient fair queuing using deficit round robin," in SIGCOMM, 1995.
[6] N. Figueira and J. Pasquale, "Leave-in-time: A new service discipline for real-time communications in a packet-switching network," in SIGCOMM, 1995.
[7] S. Golestani, "A self-clocked fair queueing scheme for broadband applications," in INFOCOM, 1994.
[8] G. Chuanxiong, "An o(1) time complexity packet scheduler for flows in multi-service packet networks," in SIGCOMM, 2001.
[9] R. Braden, D. Clark, and S. Shenker, "Integrated services in the internet architecture: an overview," Internet RFC 1633, June 1994.
[10] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, and W. Weiss, "An architecture for differentiated services," Internet RFC 2475, December 1998.
[11] E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol label switching architecture," Internet draft ¡draft-ietf-mpls-arch-01.txt¿, March 1998.
[12] X. Xipeng and L. Ni, "Internet qos: a big picture," IEEE Network, March 1999.
[13] A. Parekh and R. Gallager, "A generalized processor sharing approach to flow control in integrated services networks: The single node case," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 1, 1993.
[14] J. Xu and R. Lipton, "On fundamental tradeoffs between delay bounds and computational complexity in packet scheduling algorithms," in SIGCOMM, 2002.
[15] L. Lenzini, E. Mingozzi, and G. Stea, "Aliquem: A novel drr implementation to achieve better latency and fairness at o(1) complexity," in IWQoS, 2002.
[16] S. .Cheung and C. Pencea, "Bsfq: Bin sort fair queuing," in INFOCOM, 2002.
[17] S. Ramabhadran and J. Pasquale, "The stratified round robin scheduler: design, analysis and implementation," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), vol. 14, no. 6, December 2006.
[18] T. Fuhrmann, "The use of scalable source routing for sensor networks," in 2nd IEEE workshop on Embedded Sensor Networks, 2005.
[19] V. Hadimani and R. Hansdah, "An efficient distributed scheme for source routing protocol in communication networks," Lecture notes in Computer Science, vol. 3347, November 2005.
[20] C. Glass and L. Ni, "The turn model for adaptive routing," in ISCA, 1992.
[21] "Moving picture experts group, october 2006 http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg."
[22] "Dolby laborotories inc. www.dolby.com."
[23] A. Markopoulou, G.Iannaccone, S.Bhattacharyya, C.N.Chuah, Y.Ganjali, and C.Diot, "Characterization of failures in an operational ip backbone network," IEEE Trans. on Networking, vol. 16, October 2008.
[24] D. J. Watts and S. H. Strogatz, "Collective dynamics of small world networks," Nature, vol. 393, no. 6684, pp. 440-442, June 1992.
[25] "http://www.caida.org/research/topology/as core network/."
[26] M. et al., Phys. Rev. E, vol. 64, no. 026118, 2001.
[27] A. Fronczak, P. Fronczak, and J. A. Holyst, "Average path length in random networks," Phys. Rev. E, 2002.
[28] M. Stumpf and C. Wiuf, "Sampling properties of random graphs: The degree distribution," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 72, 2005.
[29] H. Seyed-allaei, B. Ginestra, and M. Marsili, "Scale-free networks with an exponent less than two," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 73, 2005.
[30] R. Cohen and S. Havlin, "Scale-free networks are ultrasmall," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 90, 2003.
[31] M. Ishizuka and M. Aida, "The reliability performance of wireless sensor networks configured by power-law and other forms of stochastic node placement," IEICE Trans. on Communications, vol. E87-B, no. 9, pp. 2511-2520, September 2004.
[32] J. Davidson, M. Bhatia, S. Kalidindi, S. Mukherjee, and J. Peters, VoIP: An In-Depth Analysis. Cisco Press, 2006.
[33] P. Lieshout, M. Mandjes, and S. Borst, "Gps scheduling:selection of optimal weights and comparison with strict priorities," in ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 2006.
[34] A. Ghosh and T. Givargis, "A software architecture for accessing data in sensor networks," in INSS, 2008.
[35] R. Jain, The Art of Computer Performance Analysis. Wiley, 1991.