Reliable Face Alignment Using Two-Stage AAM

Authors: Sunho Ki, Daehwan Kim, Seongwon Cho, Sun-Tae Chung, Jaemin Kim, Yun-Kwang Hong, Chang Joon Park, Dongmin Kwon, Minhee Kang, Yusung Kim, Younghan Yoon

Abstract:

AAM (active appearance model) has been successfully applied to face and facial feature localization. However, its performance is sensitive to initial parameter values. In this paper, we propose a two-stage AAM for robust face alignment, which first fits an inner face-AAM model to the inner facial feature points of the face and then localizes the whole face and facial features by optimizing the whole face-AAM model parameters. Experiments show that the proposed face alignment method using two-stage AAM is more reliable to the background and the head pose than the standard AAM-based face alignment method.

Keywords: AAM, Face Alignment, Feature Extraction, PCA

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1082627

References:

[1] Li, S.Z., Jain, A.K.: Handbook of Face Recognition. Springer (2004).
[2] Shan, S., Chang, Y., Gao, W., Cao, B., Yang, P.: Curse of Mis-alignment in Face Recognition: Problem and a Novel Mis-alignment Learning Solution, Proc. 6th IEEE Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, (2004) 314 - 3203.
[3] Li, S.Z., Cheng, Y. S., Zhang, H. J., Cheng, Q. S.: Multi-View Face Alignment Using Direct Appearance Models. Proc. 5th IEEE Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, (2004) 309-314.
[4] Jiao, F., Li, S.Z., Shum, H-Y., Schuurmans, D.: Face Alignment Using Statistical Models and Wavelet Features. Proc. 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vol.1, (2003) I-321 - I-327.
[5] Huang, Y., Lin, S., Li, S.Z., Lu, H., Shum, H.-Y.: Face Alignment Under Variable Illumination. Proc. 6th IEEE Int-l Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, (2004) 85-90.
[6] Xin, S., Ai, H.: Face Alignment under Various Poses and Expressions. ACII2005, LNCS 3784, (2005) 40-47.
[7] Zhang, L., Haizhou A., Xin, Huang, C., Tsukiji, S.: Robust Face Alignment Based on Local Texture Classifiers. IEEE Conf. on Image Processing, Vol. 2, (2005) 354-357.
[8] Edwards, G., Taylor, C. J., Cootes, T. F.: Interpreting Face Images using Active Appearance Models. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, (1998) 300-305.
[9] Cootes, T. F., Edwards, G. J., Taylor, C. J., Burkhardt, H., Neuman, B.: Active appearance models. Proc. Eur. Conf. Computer Vision, Vol. 2, (1998) 484-498.
[10] Cootes, T. F., Edwards, G. J., Taylor, C. J.: Active Appearance Models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., Vol. 23, no. 6, (2001) 681-685.
[11] Matthews, I., Baker, S.: Active Appearance Models Revisited. Int. Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 60, No. 2, (2004) 135 - 164.
[12] Batur, A.U., Hayes, M.H.: Adaptive Active Appearance Models. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 14, Issue 11, (2005) 1707- 1721.
[13] Cristinancce, D., Cootes, T. , Scott, I.: A Multi-Stage Approach to Facial Feature Detection. Proc. British Machine Vision Conference, Vol.1, (2004) 277-286.
[14] Boyd. S., Vandenberghe, L.: Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press.
[15] Gower, J. C.: Generalized Procrustes analysis. Psychometrika, Vol. 40, (1975) 33-51.
[16] Lee, D. T., Lee, D. T., Schachter, B. J.: Two Algorithms for Constructing a Delaunay Triangulation. Int. J. Computer Information Sci. Vol.9, (1980) 219-242.
[17] DTU(Technical university of Denmark) IMM face database,http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~aam/.