Agrowaste: Phytosterol from Durian Seed

Authors: D. Mohd Nazrul Hisham, J. Mohd Lip, R. Suri, H. Mohamed Shafit, Z.Kharis, K. Shazlin, A. Normah, M.F. Nurul Nabilah

Abstract:

Presence of phytosterol compound in Durian seed (Durio zibethinus) or known as King of fruits has been discovered from screening work using reagent test. Further analysis work has been carried out using mass spectrometer in order to support the priliminary finding. Isolation and purification of the major phytosterol has been carried out using an open column chromatography. The separation was monitored using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Major isolated compounds and purified phytosterol were identified using mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This novel finding could promote utilization of durian seeds as a functional ingredient in food products through production of standardized extract based on phytosterol content.

Keywords: Agrowaste, durian, seed, phytosterol

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1076850

References:

[1] Chin, S.T., Nazimah, S.A.H., Quek, S.Y., Che Man, Y.B., Abdul Rahman, R.. and Mat Hashim, D., 2007. Analysis of volatile compounds from Malaysian durians (Durio zibethinus) using headspace SPME coupled to fast GC-MS. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20, 31-44
[2] Wong, K.C., Tie, D.Y., 1995. Volatile constituents of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.). Journal of Flavour and Fragrance 10, 79-83.
[3] Moser, R., Duvel, D., Greve, R., 1980. Volatile constituents and fatty acid composition of lipids in Durio zibethinus. Phytochemistry 19, 79- 81.
[4] Voon, Y. Y., Hamid, A. N. S., Rusul, G., Osman, A., and Quek, S. Y., 2007. Characterization of Malaysian durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) cultivars: Relationship of physicochemical and flavour properties with sensory properties. Journal of Food Chemistry, 103, 1217−1227.
[5] Michael J Brown 1997. Durio- Bibliography Review. p84
[6] Ng, K.S. and S. Thamboo. 1967. Nutrient removal studies on Malayan fruits. Durian and rambutan. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 46: 164- 182..
[7] Anuar Abdullah Mohd Fakhrul Zaman Omar, Zainuddin Zakaria, Hong Ding Long and Abdul Ghani Abdullah. Durian Skin Machine. 6th MARDI Science & Technology Exhibition 2011, p75
[8] S.P. Kochhar Influence of processing on sterols of vegetable oils. Progress in Lipid Research, 22 (1983), pp. 161-188
[9] Morton, G.M., Lee, S.M., Buss, D.H., Lawrance, P., 1995. Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 8, 429-440.
[10] Nair, K.R., Manji, F. and Gitonga, J.N. 1984 The occurrence and distribution of fluoride in groundwaters in Kenya. In: Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources, Proceedings of Harare Symposium, IAHS Publ. 144, 75-86.
[11] Nakashima, I. Ikeda, K. Fuchigami, Y. Shiroishi, M. Sugano (1981).The compositions of regular meals in university refectoryÔÇöwith special reference to the content of sterols and dietary fiber Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Rinsho Eiyo), 58 (1981), pp. 261-268
[12] Mattson, 1977F.H. Mattson, F.A. Volpenheim, B.A. Erickson Effect of plant sterol esters on the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Journal of Nutrition, 107 (1977), pp. 1139-1146.
[13] Sugano, Morioka, & Ikeda, 1977M. Sugano, H. Morioka, I. Ikeda. A comparison of the hypocholesteremic activity of β-sitosterol and β- sitostanol in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 107 (1977), pp. 2011-2019
[14] Martin, Hulley, Browner, Kuller, & Wentworth, 1986M.J. Martin, S.B. Hulley, W.S. Browner, L.H. Kuller, D. Wentworth. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662 men.Lancet, ii (1986), pp. 933-936
[15] Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Mohd Lip Jabit, Arif Zaidi Jusoh and Normah Ahamad 2010. Main non-polar chemical constituent from Morinda citrifolia fruits. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 38(1) 97-102
[16] Pateh, U. U., Haruna A. K., Garba, M., Iliya, I., Sule, I. M., Abubakar, M. S. and Ambi A.A., 2009. Isolation of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and 2- hydroxyhexadecanoic acid methyl ester from the rhizomes of Stylochiton lancifolius pyer and Kotchy (araceae). Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci. 8 (1), 19 - 25.
[17] Naqvi, S.H.M., 1973. Chemical synthesis and mass spectrometric characterization of some C-27 steroids. Steroids, 285-292.
[18] Brooks, C. J. W., Henderson, W., and Steel, G., 1973. The use of trimethylsilyl ethers in the characterization of natural sterols and steroids. Characterization of natural sterols and steroid diols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biochim. Biophys. Acta296, 431- 445
[19] Knights, B. A., 1967. Identification of plant sterols using combined GLC/mass spectrometry. J. Gas Chromatogr. 5, 273-282.
[20] De-Eknamkul,W. and Potduang, B., 2003. Biosynthesis of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in Croton sublyratus proceeds via a mixed origin of isoprene units. Phytochemistry 62, 389-398.
[21] Anjoo Kamboj and Ajay Kumar Saluja 2011. Isolation of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol from petroleum ether extract of aerial parts of Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3 (1) 94-96. 4, pp. 8-16.