Improving Financial Education for Young Women: A Case Study of Australian School Students
Authors: Laura de Zwaan, Tracey West
Abstract:
There is a sustained observable gender gap in financial literacy, with females consistently having lower levels than males. This research explores the knowledge and experiences of high school students in Australia aged 14 to 18 in order to understand how this gap can be improved. Using a predominantly qualitative approach, we find evidence to support impacts on financial literacy from financial socialization and socio-economic environment. We also find evidence that current teaching and assessment approaches to financial literacy may disadvantage female students. We conclude by offering recommendations to improve the way financial literacy education is delivered within the curriculum.
Keywords: Financial literacy, financial socialization, gender, maths.
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 354References:
[1] ASIC. (2018). National Financial Capability Strategy 2018, available at https://financialcapability.gov.au/
[2] ASIC. (2011). National Financial Literacy Strategy 2011, available at https://financialcapability.gov.au/
[3] Blue, L., Grootenboer, P. & Brimble, M. (2014). Financial literacy education in the curriculum: Making the grade or missing the mark? International Review of Economics Education, 16(A), pp 51-62.
[4] West, T. & Worthington, A.C. (2017.) Synthesizing an Index of Financial Literacy: Using Not-for-Purpose Survey Data, Economic Notes, 47(2-3), pp. 331-352. https://doi.org/10.111/ecno.12107
[5] Chen, H. & Volpe, R.P. (2002). Gender differences in personal financial literacy among college students. Financial Services Review, 11(3), pp. 289-307.
[6] Mandell, L. (2008). The financial literacy of young American adults: Results of the 2008 National Jump$tart Coalition survey of high school seniors and college students. Washington, DC: The Jump$tart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy.
[7] Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O.S. & Curto, V. (2010). Financial literacy among the young. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), pp. 358-380.
[8] Goyal, K. & Kumar, S. (2020). Financial literacy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45, 80-105.
[9] Chen, H., & Volpe, R. P. (1998). An analysis of personal financial literacy among college students. Financial Services Review, 7(2), 107-128.
[10] Al-Tamimi, H. A. H. & Kalli, A. A. B. (2009). Financial literacy and investment decisions of UAE investors. The Journal of Risk Finance, 10(5), 500-516.
[11] Almenberg, J. & Säve-Söderbergh, J. (2011). Financial literacy and retirement planning in Sweden. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 585-598.
[12] Bucher-Koenen, T., & Lusardi, A. (2011). Financial literacy and retirement planning in Germany. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 565-584.
[13] Fornero, E., & Monticone, C. (2011). Financial literacy and pension plan participation in Italy. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 547-564.
[14] Fonesca, R., Mullen, K. J., Zamarro, G. & Zissimopoulos, J. (2012). What explains the gender gap in financial literacy? The role of household decision making. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 46(1), 90-106.
[15] Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2011). Financial literacy and retirement planning in the United States. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 509-525.
[16] Beal, D. J., & Delpachitra, S. B. (2003). Financial literacy among Australian university students. Economic Papers, 22(1), 65-78.
[17] Blue, L. & Brimble, M. (2014). Reframing the expectations of financial literacy education: Bringing back the reality. The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance (JASSA), 2014(1), pp. 37-41.
[18] Gaulin, S. & Hoffman, H. (1988). Evolution and Development of Sex Differences in Spatial Ability. Human Reproductive Behavior: A Darwinian Perspective, eds. Betzig, Mulder & Turke. Cambridge University Press.
[19] Gneezy, U. & Rustichini, A. (2000). Pay Enough or Don’t Pay at All. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), pp. 791-810.
[20] Dee, T. (2007). Teachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 42(3). Pp. 528-554.
[21] Carrell, S. E., Page, M. E. & J. E. West. (2009). Sex and Science: How Professor Gender Perpetuates the Gender Gap. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(3), pp. 1101–1144, https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.3.1101
[22] Hyde, J. S. (2005). The Gender Similarities Hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60(6), 581-592. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581
[23] Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M. & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype Threat and Women’s Math Performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 4-28.
[24] Niederle, M. & Vesterlund, L. (2010). Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), pp. 129-144.
[25] Hill, J. P. & Lynch, M. E. (1983). The Intensification of Gender-Related Role Expectations during Adolescence. Girls at Puberty, Brooks-Gunn, J., Peterson, A.C. (Eds.), pp. 201-228. Springer: US.
[26] Agnew, S. & Cameron-Agnew, T. (2015). The influence of consumer socialisation in the home on gender difference in financial literacy. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39, 630-638.
[27] Cupák, A., Fessler, P., Schneebaum, A. & Silgoner, M. (2018). Decomposing gender gaps in financial literacy: New international evidence. Economic Letters, 168, 102-106.
[28] West, T., de Zwaan, L. & Johnson, D. (2020). Boosting women: Why they decline to provide responses to financial literacy questions.). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3668705 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3668705
[29] Lusardi A (2012) Numeracy, Financial Literacy, and Financial Decision-Making. Numeracy, 5(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.5.1.2
[30] World Health Organization. (n.d.). Gender and Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1
[31] OECD (2020), PISA 2018 Results (Volume IV): Are Students Smart about Money?, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available at https://doi.org/10.1787/48ebd1ba-en.