Analytic on Various Grounding Configurations in Uniform Layer Soil

Authors: Mohd Shahriman B. Mohd Yunus, Mohd Hanif B. Jamaludin, Norain Bt. Bahror

Abstract:

The performance of an embedded grounding system is very important for the safe operation of electrical appliances and human beings. In principle, a safe grounding system has two objectives, which are to dissipate fault current without exceeding any operating and equipment limits and to ensure there is no risk of electric shock to humans in the vicinity of earthed facilities. The case studies in this paper present the calculating grounding resistance for multiple configurations of vertical and horizontally by using a simple and accurate formula. From the analytic calculated results, observed good/empirical relationship between the grounding resistance and length of the embedded grounding configurations. Moreover, the configurations of vertical and horizontal observed effectiveness of grounding resistance and good agreement on the reduction of grounding resistance values especially for vertical configuration.

Keywords: Grounding system, grounding resistance, soil resistivity, electrode geometry, configurations.

References:

[1] F. P. Dawalibi, J. Ma and R. d. Southey, ‘Behaviour of Grounding Systems in Multilayer Soils’. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1994, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 334-342.
[2] Power System Grounding and Transients, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, ISBN 0-8247-7908-8
[3] A. Phayomhom and S. Sirisumrannukul, ‘Safety Analysis for Grounding System of Two Neighbouring Substations in MEA's Power Distribution System. Proceedings of the International Electrical Engineering Congress’, 2014, pp. 1-4.
[4] IEEE 80-2000 Standard, "IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., USA.
[5] Abdullah, N., Marican, A. M. A., Osman, M., Abdul Rahman, N. A., ‘Case Study on Impact of Seasonal Variations of Soil Resistivities on substation Grounding systems Safety in Tropical country’. 7th Asia Pacific International Conference on Lightning, Chengdu, China, 2011, pp. 150 – 154.
[6] M. A. Salam, K. M. Jen and M. A. Khan, ‘Measurement and Simulation of Grounding Resistance with Two and Four Mesh Grids’. IEEE PEDS 2011, pp. 208-213.
[7] Nor, N. M. and Ramli, A., ‘Soil Characteristics of Wet Sand under Different Impulse Polarity and Earth Electrode’s Dimensions’ IEEE Transactions on Dielectric and Electrical Insulation, 2008, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 910-914.
[8] Guo, D., Lathi, D., Harid, N., Griffiths, H., Haddad, A. and Ainsley, A., ‘Experimental Investigation into the Performance of Large-scale Earthing Electrodes’, International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), 2010, pp. 465-468.
[9] M.M.A. Salama M. M. El Sherbiny Y.L. Chow, ‘A Formula for Resistance of Substation Grounding Grid in Two-Layer Soil’, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1995, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 1255-1262.
[10] Nor, N. M., Abdullah, S., Rajab, R. and Othman, Z., ‘Comparison between utility sub-station and imitative earthing system when subjected under lightning response’, International Journal Electrical Power Energy System, 2012, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 156–161.
[11] Guo, D., Lathi, D., Harid, N., Griffiths, H., Haddad, A. and Ainsley, A., ‘Large-scale Earthing Test Facilities at Dinorwig Power Station’, International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), 2008, pp. 808-811.
[12] L. Hyung-Soo, K. Jung-Hoon, F. P. Dawalibi, and M. Jinxi, ‘Efficient Ground Grids Designs in Layered Soils’, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1998, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 745-751.
[13] IEEE 142: IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronic, Inc, ISBN: 1-55937-141-1, pp. 171-179.
[14] Tagg, G. F, ‘Earth Resistances, First Edition’, England, George Newnes Ltd, 1964.
[15] He, J.L., Zhang B. and Kang, P., ‘Lightning impulse breakdown characteristic of frozen’, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2008, 23(4), pp. 2216-2223.
[16] Sunde, E. D., ‘Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission Systems’, New York, Dover Publications Inc, 1968.
[17] China Electric Power Industry, DL/ T621-1997, ‘Grounding of AC Electrical Equipments, China Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering Press, Beijing, 1998.
[18] Ackerman, A., Sen, P. K. and Oertli, C., ‘Designing Safe and Reliable Grounding in AC Substations with Poor Soil Resistivity: An Interpretation of IEEE Std. 80’, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2013, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 1883-1889.
[19] Dick, W. K. and Holliday, H. R., ‘Impulse and Alternating Current Tests on Grounding Electrodes in Soil Environment’, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1978, Vol. PAS-97, No. 1, pp. 102-108.
[20] Lagace, P. J., and Voung, M. H., ‘Graphical User Interface for Interpreting and Validating Soil Resistivity Measurements’, IEEE ISIE 2006, pp. 1843-1845.