Energy Harvesting and Storage System for Marine Applications

Authors: Sayem Zafar, Mahmood Rahi

Abstract:

Rigorous international maritime regulations are in place to limit boat and ship hydrocarbon emissions. The global sustainability goals are reducing the fuel consumption and minimizing the emissions from the ships and boats. These maritime sustainability goals have attracted a lot of research interest. Energy harvesting and storage system is designed in this study based on hybrid renewable and conventional energy systems. This energy harvesting and storage system is designed for marine applications, such as, boats and small ships. These systems can be utilized for mobile use or off-grid remote electrification. This study analyzed the use of micro power generation for boats and small ships. The energy harvesting and storage system has two distinct systems i.e. dockside shore-based system and on-board system. The shore-based system consists of a small wind turbine, photovoltaic (PV) panels, small gas turbine, hydrogen generator and high-pressure hydrogen storage tank. This dockside system is to provide easy access to the boats and small ships for supply of hydrogen. The on-board system consists of hydrogen storage tanks and fuel cells. The wind turbine and PV panels generate electricity to operate electrolyzer. A small gas turbine is used as a supplementary power system to contribute in case the hybrid renewable energy system does not provide the required energy. The electrolyzer performs the electrolysis on distilled water to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored in high-pressure tanks. The hydrogen from the high-pressure tank is filled in the low-pressure tanks on-board seagoing vessels to operate the fuel cell. The boats and small ships use the hydrogen fuel cell to provide power to electric propulsion motors and for on-board auxiliary use. For shore-based system, a small wind turbine with the total length of 4.5 m and the disk diameter of 1.8 m is used. The small wind turbine dimensions make it big enough to be used to charge batteries yet small enough to be installed on the rooftops of dockside facility. The small dimensions also make the wind turbine easily transportable. In this paper, PV, sizing and solar flux are studied parametrically. System performance is evaluated under different operating and environmental conditions. The parametric study is conducted to evaluate the energy output and storage capacity of energy storage system. Results are generated for a wide range of conditions to analyze the usability of hybrid energy harvesting and storage system. This energy harvesting method significantly improves the usability and output of the renewable energy sources. It also shows that small hybrid energy systems have promising practical applications.

Keywords: Energy harvesting, fuel cell, hybrid energy system, hydrogen, wind turbine.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2643708

References:

[1] S. Zafar, M. Gadalla, S.M. Hashemi, An Investigation into a Small Wind Turbine Blade Design, 11th International SET Conference (2012), Vancouver, Canada, 415
[2] I. Dincer, M.Rosen. EXERGY Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. London: Elsevier, 2007.
[3] M. K. Deshmukh, S. S. Deshmukh, Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (2008) 235-249
[4] S. Ahmada, M.Z. Abidin Ab Kadirb, S. Shafiea Current perspective of the renewable energy development in Malaysia Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011), 897–904
[5] T.R. Mtshali, G. Coppez, S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury, Simulation and modeling of PV-wind-battery hybrid power system (2011) IEEE Conferences
[6] M.A.M. Radzi, N.A. Rahim, Rural Electrification in Malaysia: Progress and Challenges, Conference Paper for human security (2011) Tokyo, Japan
[7] E. Dursun, O. Kilic. Comparative evaluation of different power management strategies of a stand-alone PV/Wind/PEMFC hybrid power system, Electrical Power and Energy Systems 34 (2012), 81–89
[8] Lanzafame R, Messina M, Horizontal axis wind turbine working at maximum power coefficient continuously, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 3364–3369
[9] H. Kim, N. Okada, K. Takigawa. Advanced grid connected PV system with functions to suppress disturbance by PV output variation and customer load change, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 67 (2001) 559–569
[10] N. C. Nair, N. Garimella, Battery energy storage systems: Assessment for small-scale renewable energy integration, Energy and Buildings 42 (2010) 2124–2130
[11] M.Y. El-Sharkh, A. Rahman, M.S. Alam, P.C. Byrne, A.A. Sakla, T. Thomas, A dynamic model for a stand-alone PEM fuel cell power plant for residential applications, Journal of Power Sources 138 (2004) 199-204.
[12] P.C. Ghosh, B. Emonts, H. Janßen, J. Mergel, D. Stolten Ten years of operational experience with a hydrogen-based renewable energy supply system, Solar Energy 75 (2003) 469–478
[13] D. Ipsakis, S. Voutetakis, P. Seferlis, F. Stergiopoulos, C. Elmasides Power management strategies for a stand-alone power system using renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 7081–7095
[14] H. Mahmoudi, S.A. Abdul-Wahab, M.F.A. Goosen, S.S. Sablani, J. Perret, A. Ouagued et al. Weather data and analysis of hybrid photovoltaic-wind power generation systems adapted to a seawater greenhouse desalination unit designed for arid coastal countries, Desalination 222 (2008) 119–127
[15] B.D. Shakya, L. Aye, P. Musgrave Technical feasibility and financial analysis of hybrid wind-photovoltaic system with hydrogen storage for Cooma, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30 (2005), 9–20
[16] M. Calderón, A.J. Calderón, A. Ramiro, J.F. González, I. González, Evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic-wind system with hydrogen storage performance using exergy analysis, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 5751–5762
[17] M. Eroglu, E. Dursun, S. Sevencan, J. Song, S. Yazici, O. Kilic, A mobile renewable house using PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7985–7992
[18] M.S. Alam, D.W. Gao, Modeling and analysis of Wind-PV-Fuel cell hybrid power system in HOMER, Second IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (2007) 1594-1599
[19] T.A.H. Ratlamwala, M.A. Gadalla, I. Dincer, Thermodynamic analyses of an integrated PEMFC–TEARS-geothermal system for sustainable buildings, Energy and Buildings 44 (2012) 73–80
[20] A. Yilanci, I. Dincer, H.K. Ozturk, Performance analysis of a PEM fuel cell unit in a solar–hydrogen system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 7538–7552
[21] E. Akyuz, Z. Oktay, I. Dincer, Performance investigation of hydrogen production from a hybrid wind-PV system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 16623–16630
[22] A. Ganguly, D. Misra, S. Ghosh, Modeling and analysis of solar photovoltaic-electrolyzer-fuel cell hybrid power system integrated with a floriculture greenhouse, Energy and Buildings, 42 (2010) 2036–2043
[23] S. Ozlu, I. Dincer, G.F. Naterer, Comparative assessment of residential energy options in Ontario, Canada, Energy and Buildings 55 (2012) 674–684
[24] S. Cao, A. Hasan, K. Sirén, Analysis and solution for renewable energy load matching for a single-family house, Energy and Buildings 65 (2013) 398–411
[25] A. Tapko, "The Use of Auxiliary Electric Motors in Boats and Sustainable Development of Nautical Tourism – Cost Analysis, the Advantages and Disadvantages of Applied Solutions", Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 16, pp. 323-328, 2016.
[26] M. Soleymani,A. Yoosofi, M. Kandi-d,"Sizing and energy management of a medium hybrid electric boat", Journal of Marine Science and Technology, vol. 20, pp. 739-751, 2015.
[27] C.H. Choi et. al., "Development and demonstration of PEM fuel-cell-battery hybrid system for propulsion of tourist boat", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, pp. 3591-3599, 2016.
[28] Zafar, S., Gadalla, M., Hashemi. S. M., 2012, “An Investigation into a Small Wind Turbine Blade Design”. SET-2012-415. 11th International SET Conference. Vancouver, Canada.
[29] Zafar, S., Gadalla, M., 2013. “Design and Evaluation of a Rooftop Wind Turbine Rotor with untwisted Blades”. ASME Power 2013-98217. ASME Power 2013. Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
[30] Heliocentris Energiesysteme GmbH, Hydrogen generator Technical data, http://www.heliocentris.com/academia-angebot/produkte/trainingssysteme/h2-versorgung/wasserstoffgenerator-hg/technical-data.html (2013).
[31] Heliocentris Energiesysteme GmbH, Technical Data, Nexa Fuel Cell Power Module, http://www.heliocentris.com/fileadmin/user_upload/12_Clean_Energy_Products/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Datenblatt_Nexa1200_EN_1109.pdf (2013).
[32] Lynch Motors, "Design of Electric Derives for Boats", 2019, https://lynchmotors.co.uk/technical-reports/boats/electric-drives_boats.html