Studies on the Mechanical Behavior of Bottom Ash for a Sustainable Environment
Authors: B. A. Mir, Asim Malik
Abstract:
Bottom ash is a by-product of the combustion process of coal in furnaces in the production of electricity in thermal power plants. In India, about 75% of total power is produced by using pulverized coal. The coal of India has a high ash content which leads to the generation of a huge quantity of bottom ash per year posing the dual problem of environmental pollution and difficulty in disposal. This calls for establishing strategies to use this industry by-product effectively and efficiently. However, its large-scale utilization is possible only in geotechnical applications, either alone or with soil. In the present investigation, bottom ash was collected from National Capital Power Station Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India. Test samples of bottom ash admixed with 20% clayey soil were prepared and treated with different cement content by weight and subjected to various laboratory tests for assessing its suitability as an engineered construction material. This study has shown that use of 10% cement content is a viable chemical additive to enhance the mechanical properties of bottom ash, which can be used effectively as an engineered construction material in various geotechnical applications. More importantly, it offers an interesting potential for making use of an industrial waste to overcome challenges posed by bottom ash for a sustainable environment.
Keywords: Bottom ash, environmental pollution, solid waste, sustainable environment, waste utilization.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1130977
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 1721References:
[1] Mir, B. A., “Effect of fly ash on the engineering properties of black cotton (BC) soils,” M. E. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering IISc, Bangalore. 2001.
[2] Cachim P., Velosa A. L., and Ferraz E., “Substitution materials for sustainable concrete production in Portugal,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014; 18(1): pp. 60-66.
[3] Huang Wei-Hsing, “The use of bottom ash in highway embankments, subgrades, and subbases,” Roport No. FHWA/IN/JHRP-90/4: HPR Part I1, 1990, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
[4] Seals R. K., Moulton L. K., and Ruth B. E., “Bottom Ash: An engineering material,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 1972: 98(SM4): pp. 311-325.
[5] Idzadeh M, El-Mitiny K. R. N. and Bokowski, G., ”Power plant bottom ash in black base and bituminous surfacing” Volume 2, User's Manual, Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-RD-78-148; 1977, Washington, D.C.
[6] Miller R. H. and Collins R. J., “Waste materials as potential replacements for highway aggregates,” National Cooperative Highway Research' Program Report 166, 1976; Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
[7] Usmen M. A., Head W. J. and Moulton L. K. “Use of coal-associated wastes in low-volume roads,” Transportation Research Record; 1983, 898: pp. 268-277.
[8] Tyson S. S., “Recent progress in coal ash utilization and the effect of environmental issues and regulations,” Disposal and Utilization of Electric Utility Wastes, ASCE,1988; pp.1-11.
[9] Moulton L. K. Seals R. K. and Anderson D. A., “Utilization of ash from coal-burning power plants in highway construction,” Highway Research Record, 1973; 430: pp.26-39.
[10] Usmen M. A., “A critical review of the applicability of conventional test methods and materials specifications to the use of coal-associated wastes in pavement construction,” Ph.D. Dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 1977.
[11] Juergen Vehlow, “Waste-to-energy ash management in Europe,” Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, 2012: 883, NY.
[12] Sivakumar D. Ammaiappan M., Anand R. and Lavanya V., “Importance of bottom ash in preventing soil failure,” Journal of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 8(4): pp.836-840.
[13] Singh M., “Effect of coal bottom ash on strength and durability properties of concrete,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of civil engineering Thapar University, Patiala-147004, Punjab, 2015.
[14] Malik, A., “Bottom ash- as an engineered construction material for sustainable environment,” Master`s Dissertation, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, NIT Srinagar, India, 2016.
[15] Rubner K., Haamkens F. and Linde O., “Use of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as aggregate in Concrete,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 2008, 41(4), pp.459-464.
[16] Cheng An., “Effect of incinerator bottom ash properties on mechanical and pore size of blended cement mortars,” Materials & Design, 2012, 36(0), pp. 859-864.
[17] Ginés O., Chimenos J. M., Vizcarro A., Formosa J. and Rosell J. R., “Combined use of MSWI bottom ash and fly ash as aggregate in concrete formulation: Environmental and Mechanical Considerations,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 169(1–3), pp. 643-650.
[18] Kurama H. and Kaya M., “Usage of coal combustion bottom ash in concrete mixture.” Construction and Building Materials, 2008, Vol. 22, pp. 1922-1928.
[19] Moulton L. K., “Bottom ash and boiler slag,” Third International Ash utilization Pittsburgh, PA, Bureau of Mines, 1973; Circular 8640: pp. 148-169.
[20] Rogbeck J. and Knutz A., “Coal bottom ash as light fill material in construction,” Waste Management, 1996; 16(1-3): pp.125-8.
[21] ECO07, “European Coal Combustion Products Association,” ECOBA. Production and Utilization of CCPs in Europe,2007.
[22] Mir B. A. and Pandian N. S., “Fly ash-'as an additive for stabilization of soils,” International Workshop and Conference on Construction and Materials (CONMAT-2003), IIT Khargpur, 2003; pp. 739-750.
[23] Martins I. M., Gonçalves A. and Marques J. C., “Durability and strength properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash,” International RILEM Conference on Material Science, 2010; Aaschen. RILEM Publications SARL (9): pp. 275 – 283.
[24] Cheriaf M., Cavalcante R. J. and Péra J., “Pozzolanic properties of pulverized coal combustion bottom ash,” Cement and Concrete Research, 1999; 29(9): pp. 1387-1391.
[25] Jaturapitakkul C. and Cheerarot R., “Development of bottom ash as pozzolanic material,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2003; 15(1): pp.48-53.
[26] Kim B., Prezzi M. and Salgado R., “Geotechnical properties of fly and bottom ash mixtures for use in highway embankments,” .Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 2005; ASCE, pp. 914 - 924.
[27] Mir B. A., “Effect of fly ash and lime on some physical and mechanical properties of expansive clay,” International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015; Transaction B 13(3&4B): pp. 203-212.
[28] IS: 2720-part 1, “Indian standard code for preparation of soil samples,” Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, 1980.
[29] Pandian N. S., Rajasekhar C. and Sridharan A., “Studies of the specific gravity of some Indian coal ashes,” Jl. of testing and evaluation, JTEA, 1998; 26(3): pp. 177- 186.
[30] IS: 2720-part 7, ”Determination of water content-dry density relation using light compaction,” Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, 1980.
[31] IS: 2720-part 8, “Determination of water content-dry density relation using heavy compaction,” Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, 1980.
[32] Mir B. A. and Pandian N. S., “Effect of fly ash on the unconfined compressive strength of BC soil,” Procc. IGC-2004: Ground Engineering - Emerging Techniques-(GREET), 2004, Vol. 1, Theme-3, pp. 137-140.
[33] Pandian N. S., Sridharan A. and Chitibabu G., “Shear strength of coal ashes for geotechnical applications,” The new Millennium Conference- 2001, IGC-Indore, Vol. 1, pp. 466-469.
[34] IS: 2720-part 10 (1973) “Determination of shear strength parameter by unconfined compression test,” BIS, New Delhi.
[35] IS: 2720-part 39, “Determination of shear strength parameter by direct shear test,” Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, 1977.
[36] Currin D. D., Allen J. J., and Little D. N., “Validation of soil stabilization index system with manual development,” Report No. FJSRL-TR-0006, Frank J. Seisler Research Laboratory, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, 1976.
[37] Alhassan H. M and Tanko A. M., “Characterization of solid waste incinerator bottom ash and the potential for its use,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2012, 2(4), pp. 516-522.