A Review on Recycled Use of Solid Wastes in Building Materials

Authors: Oriyomi M. Okeyinka, David A. Oloke, Jamal M. Khatib

Abstract:

Large quantities of solid wastes being generated worldwide from sources such as household, domestic, industrial, commercial and construction demolition activities, leads to environmental concerns. Utilization of these wastes in making building construction materials can reduce the magnitude of the associated problems. When these waste products are used in place of other conventional materials, natural resources and energy are preserved and expensive and/or potentially harmful waste disposal is avoided. Recycling which is regarded as the third most preferred waste disposal option, with its numerous environmental benefits, stand as a viable option to offset the environmental impact associated with the construction industry. This paper reviews the results of laboratory tests and important research findings, and the potential of using these wastes in building construction materials with focus on sustainable development. Research gaps, which includes; the need to develop standard mix design for solid waste based building materials; the need to develop energy efficient method of processing solid waste use in concrete; the need to study the actual behavior or performance of such building materials in practical application and the limited real life application of such building materials have also been identified. A research is being proposed to develop an environmentally friendly, lightweight building block from recycled waste paper, without the use of cement, and with properties suitable for use as walling unit. This proposed research intends to incorporate, laboratory experimentation and modeling to address the identified research gaps.

Keywords: Recycling, solid waste, construction, building materials.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1110481

References:

[1] US Environmental protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste, 2014 (March) (2014).
[2] M. Safiuddin, M.Z. Jumaat, M. Salam, M. Islam, R. Hashim, Utilization of solid wastes in construction materials, International Journal of Physical Sciences. 5 (13) (2010) 1952-1963.
[3] D. Hoornweg, P. Bhada-Tata, What a waste: a global review of solid waste management, (2012).
[4] J. Lelieveld, P.J. Crutzen, Indirect chemical effects of methane on climate warming, (1992).
[5] S. Karade, Cement-bonded composites from lignocellulosic wastes, Construction and Building Materials. 24 (8) (2010) 1323-1330.
[6] R. Siddique, J. Khatib, I. Kaur, Use of recycled plastic in concrete: a review, Waste Management. 28 (10) (2008) 1835-1852.
[7] V.T. Breslin, U. Senturk, C.C. Berndt, Long-term engineering properties of recycled plastic lumber used in pier construction, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 23 (4) (1998) 243-258.
[8] K. Flaga, Advances in materials applied in civil engineering, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 106 (1) (2000) 173-183.
[9] S. Hınıslıoğlu, E. Ağar, Use of waste high density polyethylene as bitumen modifier in asphalt concrete mix, Materials Letters. 58 (3) (2004) 267-271.
[10] T.R. Naik, S.S. Singh, C.O. Huber, B.S. Brodersen, Use of postconsumer waste plastics in cement-based composites, Cement and Concrete Research. 26 (10) (1996) 1489-1492.
[11] K. Rebeiz, A. Craft, Plastic waste management in construction: technological and institutional issues, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 15 (3) (1995) 245-257.
[12] J. Simonsen, Utilizing straw as a filler in thermoplastic building materials, Construction and Building Materials. 10 (6) (1996) 435-440.
[13] T. Sam, M. Tam, Polymer concrete based on recycled polyethylene terephtalate (PET), (2002) 226-228.
[14] O.Y. Marzouk, R. Dheilly, M. Queneudec, Valorization of postconsumer waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites, Waste Management. 27 (2) (2007) 310-318.
[15] K. Rebeiz, Precast use of polymer concrete using unsaturated polyester resin based on recycled PET waste, Construction and Building Materials. 10 (3) (1996) 215-220.
[16] J.V. Vaverka, An analysis of reinforced concrete composites utilizing recycled polyethylene terephthalate thermoplastic, 1991.
[17] B. Jo, S. Park, C. Kim, Mechanical properties of polyester polymer concrete using recycled polyethylene terephthalate, ACI Structural Journal. 103 (2) (2006).
[18] R.M. Rowell, J.A. Youngquist, D. McNatt, Composites from recycled materials, Composites. 301 (1991) 314.
[19] Marzouk OY, Dheilly RM, Queneudec M., Valorization of Post- Consumer Waste Plastic in Cementitious Concrete Composites, PubMed, U.S.National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. 27 (2) (12) (2006) 310.
[20] M. Sivaraja, S. Kandasamy, Reinforced concrete beams with rural composites under cyclic loading, J Engg App Sci. 2 (11) (2007) 1620- 1626.
[21] M. Osmani, A. Pappu, An assessment of the compressive strength of glass reinforced plastic waste filled concrete for potential applications in construction, Concrete Research Letters. 1 (1) (2010) 1-5.
[22] Briga-Sá, D. Nascimento, N. Teixeira, J. Pinto, F. Caldeira, H. Varum, et al., Textile waste as an alternative thermal insulation building material solution, Construction and Building Materials. 38 (2013) 155- 160.
[23] M. Matusiak, Investigation of the thermal insulation properties of multilayer textiles, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 14 (5) (2006) 98-102.
[24] S.B. Stanković, D. Popović, G.B. Poparić, Thermal properties of textile fabrics made of natural and regenerated cellulose fibers, Polymer Testing. 27 (1) (2008) 41-48.
[25] D. Bhattacharjee, V. Kothari, Heat transfer through woven textiles, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 52 (7) (2009) 2155- 2160.
[26] L.A. Pereira-de-Oliveira, J.P. Castro-Gomes, M.C. Nepomuceno, Effect of acrylic fibres geometry on physical, mechanical and durability properties of cement mortars, Construction and Building Materials. 27 (1) (2012) 189-196.
[27] R. Fangueiro, P. Marques, C.G. Pereira, Directionally oriented fibrous structures for llghtweight concrete elements reinforcement, ICSA 2010. (2010) 1462-1469.
[28] Peixoto, J. Vieira, A. Paiva, L. Fernandes, P. Tavares, J. Morais, et al., Argamassa de reboco reforçada com resíduos da indústria têxtil, Actas do. 4 (2012).
[29] T. Vrána, K. Gudmundsson, Comparison of fibrous insulations– Cellulose and stone wool in terms of moisture properties resulting from condensation and ice formation, Construction and Building Materials. 24 (7) (2010) 1151-1157.
[30] F. Aspiras, J. Manalo, Utilization of textile waste cuttings as building material, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 48 (1) (1995) 379-384.
[31] H.M. Algin, P. Turgut, Cotton and limestone powder wastes as brick material, Construction and Building Materials. 22 (6) (2008) 1074-1080.
[32] H. Binici, R. Gemci, A. Kucukonder, H.H. Solak, Investigating sound insulation, thermal conductivity and radioactivity of chipboards produced with cotton waste, fly ash and barite, Construction and Building Materials. 30 (2012) 826-832.
[33] D. Rajput, S. Bhagade, S. Raut, R. Ralegaonkar, S.A. Mandavgane, Reuse of cotton and recycle paper mill waste as building material, Construction and Building Materials. 34 (2012) 470-475.
[34] United States Department of Energy, (2013), Saving Energy: Recycling saves energy in Production of New Products , 2014 (January).
[35] S. Coventry, S. Hillier, Construction Industry Research and Information Association., C. Woolveridge, The reclaimed and recycled construction materials handbook,Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London, 1999.
[36]
[6] A. Pappu, M. Saxena, S.R. Asolekar, Solid wastes generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials, Building and Environment. 42 (6) (2007) 2311-2320.
[37] J. Bhattacharyya, A. Shekdar, S. Gaikwad, Recyclability of Some Major Industrial Solid Waste, Journal of Indian Association for Environmental Management. 31 (2004) 71-75.
[38] Shi, J. Qian, High performance cementing materials from industrial slags—a review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 29 (3) (2000) 195-207.
[39] Shi, R. Day, Early strength development and hydration of alkaliactivated blast furnace slag/fly ash blends, Advances in Cement Research. 11 (4) (1999) 189-196.
[40] Y. Li, Y. Sun, Preliminary study on combined-alkali–slag paste materials, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (6) (2000) 963-966.
[41] P. Shih, Z. Wu, H. Chiang, Characteristics of bricks made from waste steel slag, Waste Management. 24 (10) (2004) 1043-1047.
[42] Y. Shao, T. Lefort, S. Moras, D. Rodriguez, Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (1) (2000) 91-100.
[43] P. Turgut, E. Yahlizade, Research into concrete blocks with waste glass, International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 1 (2009) 203-209.
[44] I.B. Topcu, M. Canbaz, Properties of concrete containing waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research. 34 (2) (2004) 267-274.
[45] S.B. Park, B.C. Lee, J.H. Kim, Studies on mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research. 34 (12) (2004) 2181-2189.
[46] T.R. Naik, Z. Wu, Crushed post-consumer glass as partial replacement of sand in concrete, ACI Special Publication. 200 (2001).
[47] Demir, Reuse of waste glass in building brick production, Waste management & research: the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA. 27 (6) (2009) 572-577.
[48] Loryuenyong, T. Panyachai, K. Kaewsimork, C. Siritai, Effects of recycled glass substitution on the physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks, Waste Management. 29 (10) (2009) 2717-2721.
[49] S. Chidiac, L. Federico, Effects of waste glass additions on the properties and durability of fired clay brick. This article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 34 (11) (2007) 1458-1466.
[50] C. Baird, M. Cann, Environmental chemistry,Macmillan 2005.
[51] United states Environmental protection Agency, (US EPA), Municipal solid waste generation, recycling, and disposal in the United States: Facts and figures for 2012. , (2014).
[52] European Environment Agency (EEA), European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production. 2014 (January) (2013).
[53] Ashori, T. Tabarsa, I. Valizadeh, Fiber reinforced cement boards made from recycled newsprint paper, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 528 (25) (2011) 7801-7804.
[54] Sujivorakul, C., Muhummud, T., Narmluk, M., and Yodnumkhum, W., Development of Cement Composite Plates Reinforced with Wastepaper Fibers , (2006) 241-252.
[55] S. Masjuki, B. Mohammed, H. Al-Mattarneh, Hybrid Composite Wall System by Using Local Waste: Panel of cement Bonded Wood In Filled with Papercrete, 22 (4) (2008) 239-250.
[56] Gunarto A., Satyarno I., Tjokrodimuljo K., Newsprint Paper Waste Exploiting for Papercrete Panel, (2008).
[57] B. Fuller, A. Fafitis, J. Santamaria, Structural Properties of a New Material Made of Waste Paper, (2006) 1-16.
[58] G. Solberg, L. Solberg, Building with Papercrete and paper adobe,Remedial Planet Communications 2000.
[59] D. Jegatheeswaran, R. Malathy, Comparative Study on Papercrete Bricks with Conventional Bricks , ICI Journal,. 1 (04) (2011) 15-19.
[60] P. Soroushian, Z. Shah, J.P. Won, Optimization of wastepaper fibercement composites, ACI Materials Journal. 92 (1) (1995).
[61] E.Y.A. Okino, M.A.E. Santana, M.R. de Souza, Utilization of wastepaper to manufacture low density boards, Bioresource technology. 73 (1) (2000) 77-79.
[62] M.Y. Massijaya, M. Okuma, Development of boards made from waste newspapers. I. Production and fundamental properties of wastenewspaper boards, Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 42 (12) (1996) 1243-1249.
[63] Ashori, A. Nourbakhsh, Characteristics of wood–fiber plastic composites made of recycled materials, Waste Management. 29 (4) (2009) 1291-1295.
[64] R.D. Tolêdo Filho, K. Scrivener, G.L. England, K. Ghavami, Durability of alkali-sensitive sisal and coconut fibres in cement mortar composites, Cement and Concrete Composites. 22 (2) (2000) 127-143.
[65] A.O. Olorunnisola, O. Adefisan, Trial production and testing of cementbonded particleboard from rattan furniture waste, Wood and Fiber Science. 34 (1) (2007) 116-124.
[66] P. Soroushian, R.A. Arola, Z. Shah, Recycling of wood and paper in cementitious materials, 266 (1992) 165.
[67] P. Soroushian, J. Plasencia, S. Ravanbakhsh, Assessment of reinforcing effects of recycled plastic and paper in concrete, ACI Materials Journal. 100 (3) (2003).
[68] B. Nepal, V. Aggarwal, Papercrete: A study on green structural material, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 9 (3) (2014) 253-260.
[69] M. Kokkinos, Precast Papercrete Panels, (2011).
[70] L.C. Titzman, Analysis of low-cost building material for the MixAlco process. (2009).
[71] R. Mohamad Shukeri, A. Ghani, A. Naser, Concrete Mix with Wastepaper, (2008).
[72] S.M. Levy, P. Helene, Durability of recycled aggregates concrete: a safe way to sustainable development, Cement and Concrete Research. 34 (11) (2004) 1975-1980.
[73] C. Poon, S. Kou, L. Lam, Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and blocks, Construction and Building Materials. 16 (5) (2002) 281-289.
[74] S.W. Tabsh, A.S. Abdelfatah, Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on strength properties of concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 23 (2) (2009) 1163-1167.
[75] J.M. Khatib, Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research. 35 (4) (2005) 763-769.
[76] N. Al-Mutairi, M. Haque, Strength and durability of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregates, (2003) 16-18.
[77] S. Talukdar, S. Islam, N. Banthia, Development of a lightweight lowcarbon footprint concrete containing recycled waste materials, Advances in Civil Engineering. 2011 (2011).
[78] N. AlMutairi, A. AlKhaleefi, On flexural strength and permeability of recycled concrete as coarse aggregates, 162 (2007) 153.
[79] S. Al-Otaibi, M. El-Hawary, Potential for recycling demolished concrete and building rubble in Kuwait, (2005) 229-236.
[80] Al-Otaibi S., Producing lime-silica bricks from crushed concrete fines, (2007).
[81] V.J. Desmyster J, Use of Recycled Materials as Aggregates in Construction Industry (posters), (2000.).
[82] E.P. Aigbomian, M. Fan, Development of Wood-Crete building materials from sawdust and waste paper, Construction and Building Materials. 40 (2013) 361-366.
[83] Evrard, Hemp concretes-A synthesis of physical properties, Construire en Chanvre. (2003).
[84] L. Dzurenda, K. Orlowski, M. Grzeskiewicz, Effect of Thermal Modification of Oak Wood on Sawwdust Granularity, Drvna Industrija Journal
[61]. 2 (2010) 89-94.
[85] C. Hendriks, H. Pietersen, Sustainable Raw Materials–Construction and Demolition Waste (165-SRM), State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee. (2000).
[86] V.W. Tam, C. Tam, A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 47 (3) (2006) 209-221.
[87] Y. Kasai, M. Kawamura, J. Zhou, Study on wood chip concrete with used timber, ACI Special Publication. 179 (1998).
[88] E.P. Aigbomian, M. Fan, Development of Wood-Crete building materials from sawdust and waste paper, Construction and Building Materials. 40 (2013) 361-366.