Search results for: CG Gokulan

Authors: Jamaloddin Mohd, Devika Talwar, CG Gokulan, Maliha A, Raju Madhanala, Hitendra Kumar Patel

Abstract:

Anthocyanin is one of the important health-promoting antioxidants due to its potential nutritional value. Purple color is observed in several organs and tissues of rice, such as the pericarp, flower organs, leaves, leaf sheaths, internodes, ligules, apex, and stigma. Although many studies have been conducted on the color of rice hull and pericarp, little is known about the genes and mechanisms responsible for other organs, such as leaves, and its gene regulatory network has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, Chinnar-20, a purple leaf color rice variety, was used as a donor parent and Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM), a green leaf mega-variety, was used as a recipient parent. By combining bulk segregant analysis and the QTL-seq approach, the present study aimed to determine the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the F2 population (n=125), which was obtained by a cross between Chinnar-20 and ISM. Genetic analysis showed that a single recessive gene controls purple leaf traits. The whole genome sequencing and subsequent QTL-seq analysis of purple leaf (n=15) and green leaf (n=15) bulks identified a locus on chromosome 4, approximately from 27 to 34 Mb, containing 401 genes to be linked to the trait. Subsequently, RT-PCR of two rice varieties was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the QTL interval. The analysis showed Os04g0557500 (Kala4) and Os04g0557800 (Pl), which were previously associated with pigmentation in rice, to be highly upregulated. Hence, we propose that the two upregulated genes, Kala4 and Pl, are potential candidate genes for the purple leaf trait in Chinnar-20. We also report the allelic variations in these two genes that can aid in marker development and trait introgression.

Keywords: rice (Oryza sativa L.), purple leaf color, mapping, QTL Seq, SNPs, ∆SNP-Index, next-generation sequencing

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Authors: Gokulan Vethanayakam, Daniel Aston

Abstract:

Introduction: The ReSPECT process supports healthcare professionals when making patient-centered decisions in the event of an emergency. It has been widely adopted by the NHS in England and allows patients to express thoughts and wishes about treatments and outcomes that they consider acceptable. It includes (but is not limited to) cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions. ReSPECT conversations should ideally occur prior to ICU admission and should be documented in the eight sections of the nationally-standardised ReSPECT form. This audit evaluated the use of ReSPECT on a busy cardiothoracic ICU in an NHS Trust where established policies advocating its use exist. Methods: This audit was a retrospective review of ReSPECT forms for a sample of high-risk patients admitted to ICU at the Royal Papworth Hospital between January 2021 and March 2022. Patients all received one of the following interventions: Veno-Venous Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV-ECMO) for severe respiratory failure (retrieved via the national ECMO service); cardiac or pulmonary transplantation-related surgical procedures (including organ transplants and Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) implantation); or elective non-transplant cardiac surgery. The quality of documentation on ReSPECT forms was evaluated using national standards and a graded ranking tool devised by the authors which was used to assess narrative aspects of the forms. Quality was ranked as A (excellent) to D (poor). Results: Of 230 patients (74 VV-ECMO, 104 transplant, 52 elective non-transplant surgery), 43 (18.7%) had a ReSPECT form and only one (0.43%) patient had a ReSPECT form completed prior to ICU admission. Of the 43 forms completed, 38 (88.4%) were completed due to the commencement of End of Life (EoL) care. No non-transplant surgical patients included in the audit had a ReSPECT form. There was documentation of balance of care (section 4a), CPR status (section 4c), capacity assessment (section 5), and patient involvement in completing the form (section 6a) on all 43 forms. Of the 34 patients assessed as lacking capacity to make decisions, only 22 (64.7%) had reasons documented. Other sections were variably completed; 29 (67.4%) forms had relevant background information included to a good standard (section 2a). Clinical guidance for the patient (section 4b) was given in 25 (58.1%), of which 11 stated the rationale that underpinned it. Seven forms (16.3%) contained information in an inappropriate section. In a comparison of ReSPECT forms completed ahead of an EoL trigger with those completed when EoL care began, there was a higher number of entries in section 3 (considering patient’s values/fears) that were assessed at grades A-B in the former group (p = 0.014), suggesting higher quality. Similarly, forms from the transplant group contained higher quality information in section 3 than those from the VV-ECMO group (p = 0.0005). Conclusions: Utilisation of the ReSPECT process in high-risk patients is yet to be well-adopted in this trust. Teams who meet patients before hospital admission for transplant or high-risk surgery should be encouraged to engage with the ReSPECT process at this point in the patient's journey. VV-ECMO retrieval teams should consider ReSPECT conversations with patients’ relatives at the time of retrieval.

Keywords: audit, critical care, end of life, ICU, ReSPECT, resuscitation

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