Establishing Causal Relationship between HIV and AIDS
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 33090
Establishing Causal Relationship between HIV and AIDS

Authors: A. Taqaddas

Abstract:

This mini literature review discusses casual relationships between HIV and AIDS in view of Koch’s postulates.

Keywords: AIDS, Causal Relationship, HIV, Koch’s Postulates.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1095957

Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 2781

References:


[1] CDC, "Current Trends Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)” 131, 1982, 507-508, 513-514. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/strategic/cdc_1982%20_aids_def.pdf Accessed at: 8/3/09.
[2] E. Bailes, R. Chaudhuri, M. Santiago, F. Bibollet-Ruche, B. Hahn, and P. Sharp, "The evolution of Primate Lentiviruses and the Origins of AIDS” in The Molecular Epidemiology of Human Viruses. Sweden: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
[3] UNAIDS, "Status of the global HIV epidemic,” in 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2008, ch 2. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/ en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/globalreport/2008/jc1510 _2008globalreport_en.pdf. (Accessed:02/09/2014).
[4] CDC "1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults”. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ mmwrhtml/00018871.htm. (Accessed : 02/09/2014).
[5] L. Gordis L, Epidemiology. Baltimore: Saunders Elsevier, 2009
[6] J. Giesecke, Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology. London, Arnold, 2012, ch18.
[7] V. Harden V, 2Koch’s Postulates and the Etiology of AIDS: An Historical perspective,” History and Phiolosophy of the Life Sciences, 14, 1992, 249-269.
[8] D. Smith, J. Neal, and Holmberg, "Unexplained opportunistic infections and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. An investigation of cases in the United States,” The Centers for Disease Control Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia Task Force’ The New England Journal of medicine, 328, 1993, 373-9
[9] Y. Cao, L. Qin, L. Zhang, J. Safrit, and D. Ho, "Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection,” New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1995, 201-8.
[10] T. Greenough, D. Brettler, F. Kirchhoff, L. Alexander, R. Desrosiers, S. Somasundaran, M. Luzuriag and J. Sullivan, "Long-term non progressive infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a hemophilia cohort,” J Infect Dis, 180, 1999, 1790-802.
[11] G. Pantaleo, S. Menzo, M. Vaccarezza, et al., "Studies in subjects with long-term progressive human immunodeficiency virus infection,” New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1995, 209-16
[12] D. Gibellini, F. Vitone, P. Schiavone P, C. Ponti, M. La Placa, and M. Re, "Quatitative Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by SYBR green real-time PCR Technique,” Journal of Clinical Virology, 29, 2004, 282-9.
[13] S. Hammer, C. Crumpacker, R. D'Aquila, B. Jackson, J. Lathey, D. Livnat, and P. Reicchelderfer, "Use of virologic assays for detection of human immunodeficiency virus in clinical trials: recommendations of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Virology Committee,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31, 1993, 2557-64.
[14] S. Moroney, L. Heller, and R. Widen, "Evaluation of two TaqMan PCR assays for the detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in blood samples,” Journal of Microbiological Methods, 65, 2006, 350-3.
[15] National Institute of AIDS and Infectious diseases -NIAID– National Institute of Health, "The Evidence that HIV causes AIDS,” Available at: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/howhivcausesaid s/pages/hivcausesaids.aspx. (Accessed 02/09/2014)
[16] S. Vermund, D. Hoover, and K. Chen, "CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 1993, 442
[17] J. Jackson, S. Kwok., J. Sninsky, J. Hopsicker, K. Sannerud K, F. Rhame, K. Henry, M. Simpson, and H. Balfour, "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in all seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28, 1990, 16-9
[18] S. O’Brien, and J. Goedert, "HIV Causes AIDS: Koch’s postulates fulfilled,” Current Opinion in Immunology, 8, 1996, 613-618.
[19] S. Weiss, J. Goedert, S. Gartner, M. Popovic, D. Waters, P. Markham, F. Veronese, M. Gail, W. Barkle, J. Gibbons, et al., "Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection among laboratory workers” Science, 239, 1988, 68-71.
[20] M. Reitz, L. Hall, M. Robert-Guroff, J. Lautenberger, B. Hahn, J. Shaw, L. Kong, S. Weiss, D. Waters, R. Gallo, and W. Blattner, "Viral variability and serum antibody response in a laboratory worker infected with HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB),” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 10, 1994, 1143-55
[21] CDC-Centers for disease control and Prevention "Surveillance of Healthcare Personnel with HIV/AIDS as of December 2002,” 2002. Available at: http://www.thebody.com/content/art17253.html. (Accessed 02/09/2014).
[22] CDC, "Surveillance of Occupationally Acquired HIV/AIDS in Healthcare Personnel, as of December 2006,” 2006, Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/hiv/Surveillance-Occupationally- Acquired-HIV-AIDS.html. (Accessed 02/09/2014).
[23] H. Van den Berg, E. Gerritsen, M. Van Tol, L. Dooren, and J. Vossen, "Ten years after acquiring g an HIV-1 infection: a study in a cohort of eleven neonates infected by aliquots from a single plasma donation,” ACTA Paediatrica, 83, 1994, 173-8
[24] S. O’ Neil S, F. Novembre, A. Hill, C. Suwyn, C. Hart, T. Evans- Strickfaden, D. Anderson, J. deRosayro, J. Herndon, M. Saucier, and H. McClure, "Progressive Infection in a subset of HIV-1-Positive Chimpazees,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 182, 2000, 1051-62
[25] C. Locher, S. Barnett, B. Herndier, D. Blackbourn, G. Reyes-Teran, K. Murthy, et al., "Human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection in baboons is an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis in humans,” Archives of pathology & Laborotary Medicine, 122, 1998, 523-33.
[26] S. Joag, Z. Li, L. Foresman, E. Stephens, L. Zhao, I. Adany, et al., "Chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus that causes progressive loss of CD4+ T cells and AIDS in pig-tailed macaques,” Journal of Virology, 70, 1996, 3189-97.
[27] UNAIDS/WHO, "Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections,” (2004).
[28] J. Mellors, A. Munoz, J. Giorgi, J. Margolick, C. Tassoni, P. Gupta, et al., "Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 126, 1997, 946-54.
[29] K. Anastos, L. Kalish, N. Hessol, B. Weiser, S. Melnick, D. Burns, et al., "The relative value of CD4 cell count and quantitative HIV-1 RNA in predicting survival in HIV-1-infected women: results of the women's interagency HIV study,” AIDS, 13, 1999, 1717-26.
[30] UNAIDS, "2008 Report on The Global AIDS Epidemic’ Annex 1: HIV and AIDS Estimates and data 2007 and 2001,” 2008, Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2008/9789291737116_eng_Annexes.pd f. (Accessed 02/09/2014)
[31] E. Asamoah-Odei, J. Calleja, and J. Boerma, "HIV prevalence and trends in sub-Saharan Africa: no decline and large subregional differences,” The Lancet, 364, 2004, 35-40
[32] B. Weniger, K. Limpakarnjanarat, K. Ungchusak, S. Thanprasertsuk, K. Choopanya, S. Vanichseni, et al., "The epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in Thailand',” AIDS, 5 (suppl 2): 1991, S71-S85
[33] J. Cohen, "Could Drugs, Rather Than a Virus, Be the cause of AIDS?,” Science, 266, 1994, 1648-1649. Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1648a.pdf. (Accessed 02/09/2014)
[34] T. Quinn, and J. Overbaugh, "HIV/AIDS in women: an expanding epidemic” Science, 308, 2005, 1582-3.
[35] V. Simon, D. Ho, and Q. Karim, "HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment,” The Lancet, 368, 2006, 489- 504
[36] R. Hogg, K. Heath, B. Yip, K. Craib, M. O’Shaughnessy, M. Schechter, et al., "Improved survival among HIV-infected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy,” JAMA, 279, 1998, 450-454.
[37] F. Palella, K. Delaney, and A. Moorman, "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient study Investigators,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 1998, 853-860.
[38] D. de Walque, "How does the impact of an HIV/AIDS information campaign vary with educational attainment? Evidence from rural Uganda,” Journal of Development Economics, Volume 84, 2007, 686- 714
[39] W. Punpanich, K. Ungchusak, and R. Detels, "Thailand’s response to the HIV epidemic: yesterday, today and tomorrow,” AIDS Education and Prevention, 16, 2004, 119-36.
[40] P. Gorbach, H. Sopheab, C. Chhorvann, R. Weiss, and M. Vun, "Changing behaviors and patterns among Cambodian sex workers: 1997-2003,” Journal of Acquired Immune deficiency syndromes, 42, 2006, 242-7
[41] J. Carter, and V. Saunders, Virology Principles and Applications, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007
[42] J. Levy, J. Shimabukuro, T. McHugh, C. Casavant, D. Stites, and L. Oshiro, "AIDS-associated retroviruses (ARV) can productively infect other cells besides human T-helper cells,” Virology, 147, 1985, 441
[43] M. Pope, S. Gezelter, N. Gallo, L. Hoffman, and R. Steinman, "Low levels of HIV-1 infection in cutaneous dendritic cells promote extensive viral replication upon binding to memory CD4_ T cells,” The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 182, 1995, 2045-56
[44] P. Borrow, H. Lewicki, B. Hahn, G. Shaw, and M. Oldstone, "Virusspecific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity associated with control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection,” Journal of Virology, 68, 1994, 6103–10
[45] R. Koup, J. Safrit, Y. Cao, C. Andrews, G. Mcleod, G. Borkowsky, C. Farthing, and D. Ho D, "Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome,” Journal of Virology, 68, 1994, 4650–5
[46] CDC- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention, "HIV Surveillance supported by Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/recommendations/ publications.html. . (Accessed 02/09/2014)
[47] J. Todd, J. Glynn, M. Marston, T. Lutalo, S. Biraro, W. Mwita et al., "Time from HIV seroconversion to death: a collaborative analysis of eight studies in six low and middle-income countries before highly active antiretroviral therapy,” AIDS, Suppl 6, 2007, S55-63.