Variations in % Body Fat, the Amount of Skeletal Muscle and the Index of Physical Fitness in Relation to Sports Activity/Inactivity in Different Age Groups of the Adult Population in the Czech Republic

Authors: Hřebíčková Sylva, Grasgruber Pavel, Ondráček Jan, Cacek Jan, KalinaTomáš

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to describe typical changes in several parameters of body composition – the amount of skeletal muscle mass (SMM), % body fat (BF) and body mass index (BMI) - in selected age categories (30+ years) of men and women in the Czech Republic, depending on the degree of sports activity. Study (n = 823, M = 343, F = 480) monitored differences in BF, SM and BMI in five age groups (from 30-39 years to 70+ years). Physically inactive individuals have (p < 0.05) higher % BF in comparison with physically active individuals (29.5 ± 0.59 vs. 27 ± 0.38%), higher BMI (27.3 ± 0.32 vs. 26.1 ± 0.20 kg/m²), but lower SM (39.0 ± 0.33 vs. 40.4 ± 0.21%). The results indicate that with an increasing age, there is a trend towards increasing values of BMI and % BF, and decreasing values of SMM.

Keywords: Body composition, body fat, physical activity, skeletal muscle.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1089577

References:

[1] Björntorp, P., de Jounge, K., Krotkiewski, M., Sullivan, L., Sjöström, L., & Stenberg, J. (1973). Physical training in human obesity. III. Effects of long-term physical training on body composition. Metabolism, 22(12), 1467-1475.
[2] Evans, W. J., & Hurley, B. F. (1995). Age, gender, and muscular strength. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50(Special Issue), 41-44.
[3] Frontera, W. R., Meredith, C. N., O'reilly, K. P., Knuttgen, H. G., & Evans, W. J. (1988). Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of applied physiology, 64(3), 1038-1044.
[4] Fukagawa, N. K., Poehlman, E. T., Toth, M. J., Fishman, P. S., Vaitkevicius, P., Gottlieb, S. S., ... &Fonong, T. (1995). Sarcopenia in aging humans: the impact of menopause and disease. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50(Special Issue), 73-77.
[5] Gallagher, D., &Heymsfield, S. B. (1998). Muscle distribution: variations with body weight, gender, and age. Applied radiation and isotopes, 49(5), 733-734.
[6] Holloszy, J. O., Tseng, B. S., Marsh, D. R., Hamilton, M. T., & Booth, F. W. (1995). Strength and aerobic training attenuate muscle wasting and improve resistance to the development of disability with aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50(Special Issue), 113-119.
[7] Hurley, B. F. (1995). Age, gender, and muscular strength. The Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50 Spec No, 41-44.
[8] Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., Wang, Z., & Ross, R. (2000). Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), 81-88.
[9] Johnstone AM, et al. Measurement of body composition changes during weight loss in obese men using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and multi-compartment models. Obes Res Clin Pract (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.07.006
[10] Lexell, J., Downham, D., &Sjöström, M. (1986). Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles: fibre type arrangement in m. vastuslateralis from three groups of healthy men between 15 and 83 years. Journal of the neurological sciences, 72(2), 211-222.
[11] Maraldi, C., Volpato, S., Penninx, B. W., Yaffe, K., Simonsick, E. M., Strotmeyer, E. S., ...& Pahor, M. (2007). Diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and incident depressive symptoms among 70-to 79-year-old persons: the health, aging, and body composition study. Archives of internal medicine,167(11), 1137.
[12] Ross, R., Rissanen, J., Pedwell, H., Clifford, J., &Shragge, P. (1996). Influence of diet and exercise on skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in men.Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(6), 2445-2455.
[13] Swank, A. M., Funk, D. C., Manire, J. T., Allard, A. L., & Denny, D. M. (2010). Efect of resistence training and aerobic conditioning on muscular strength and submaximal fitness for individuals with chronic heart failure: Influence of age and gender. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1298-305.