Visfatin and Apelin Are New Interrelated Adipokines Playing Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal Women

Authors: Hala O. El-Mesallamy, Salwa M. Suwailem, Mae M. Seleem

Abstract:

Visfatin and apelin are two new adipokines that recently gained a special interest in diabetes research. This study was conducted to study the interplay between these two adipokines and their correlation with other inflammatory and biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic (T2D) postmenopausal women with CAD. Visfatin and apelin were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Visfatin was found to be significantly higher in the following groups: T2D patients without CAD, non-obese and obese T2D patients with CAD when compared to control group. Apelin was found to be significantly lower in non-obese and obese T2D patients with CAD when compared to control group. Visfatin and apelin were found to be significantly associated with each other and with other biochemical parameters. The current study provides evidence for the interplay between visfatin and apelin through the inflammatory milieu characteristic of T2D and their possible role in the pathogenesis of CAD complication of T2D. 

Keywords: Apelin, Coronary artery disease, Inflammation, Type 2 diabetes, Visfatin.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1089074

References:

[1] IDF. Diabetes Atlas, fifth edition, © International Diabetes Federation (IDF), www.diabetesatlas.org. 2011.
[2] Bonow RO, Bohannon N, Hazzard W. Risk stratification in coronary artery disease and special populations. Am J Med 1996; 101:4A17S-22S; discussion 22S-24S.
[3] Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Zurakowski A, Glinianowicz M.
[Nitric oxide in physiology and pathology of metabolism]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005; 18:101-104.
[4] Aasen T, Nordahl SH, Molvaer OI, Olofsson J.
[Chaos theory and otoneurologic diagnosis]. Nord Med 1997; 112:352-355, 360.
[5] Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, et al. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science 2005; 307:426-430.
[6] Filippatos TD, Randeva HS, Derdemezis CS, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Visfatin/PBEF and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol; 8:12-28.
[7] Tatemoto K, Takayama K, Zou MX, Kumaki I, Zhang W, Kumano K, et al. The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regul Pept 2001; 99:87-92.
[8] Medhurst AD, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Davis RP, Ellis C, Winborn KY, et al. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization of the APJ receptor and its endogenous ligand apelin. J Neurochem 2003; 84:1162-1172.
[9] Cheng KK, Lam KS, Wang Y, Huang Y, Carling D, Wu D, et al. Adiponectin-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide production are mediated by APPL1 in endothelial cells. Diabetes 2007; 56:1387-1394.
[10] Mohamed-Ali V, Pinkney JH, Coppack SW. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22:1145-1158.
[11] Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: Mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:772-783.
[12] Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:4-7.
[13] Kamezaki F, Yamashita K, Kubara T, Suzuki Y, Tanaka S, Rkouzuma R, et al. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites correlates with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J Atheroscler Thromb 2008; 15:206-212.
[14] Chen MP, Chung FM, Chang DM, Tsai JC, Huang HF, Shin SJ, et al. Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:295-299.
[15] Lopez-Bermejo A, Chico-Julia B, Fernandez-Balsells M, Recasens M, Esteve E, Casamitjana R, et al. Serum visfatin increases with progressive beta-cell deterioration. Diabetes 2006; 55:2871-2875.
[16] Revollo JR, Korner A, Mills KF, Satoh A, Wang T, Garten A, et al. Nampt/PBEF/Visfatin regulates insulin secretion in beta cells as a systemic NAD biosynthetic enzyme. Cell Metab 2007; 6:363-375.
[17] Haider D, Schaller G, Kapiotis S, Maier C, Luger A, Wolzt M. The release of the adipocytokine visfatin is regulated by glucose and insulin. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1909 - 1914.
[18] Chen C-C, Li T-C, Li C-I, Liu C-S, Lin W-Y, Wu M-T, et al. The relationship between visfatin levels and anthropometric and metabolic parameters: association with cholesterol levels in women. Metabolism 2007; 56:1216-1220.
[19] Varma V, Yao-Borengasser A, Rasouli N, Bodles AM, Phanavanh B, Lee MJ, et al. Human visfatin expression: relationship to insulin sensitivity, intramyocellular lipids, and inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:666-672.
[20] Sun G, Bishop J, Khalili S, Vasdev S, Gill V, Pace D, et al. Serum visfatin concentrations are positively correlated with serum triacylglycerols and down-regulated by overfeeding in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:399-404.
[21] Moschen AR, Kaser A, Enrich B, Mosheimer B, Theurl M, Niederegger H, et al. Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. J Immunol 2007; 178:1748-1758.
[22] El-Mesallamy HO, Kassem DH, El-Demerdash E, Amin AI. Vaspin and visfatin/Nampt are interesting interrelated adipokines playing a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2011; 60:63-70.
[23] Li Z, Bai Y, Hu J. Reduced apelin levels instable angina. Intern Med 2008; 47:1951-1955.
[24] Chandrasekaran B, Dar O, McDonagh T. The role of apelin in cardiovascular function and heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:725-732.
[25] Tasci I, Erdem G, Ozgur G, Tapan S, Dogru T, Genc H, et al. LDL-cholesterol lowering increases plasma apelin in isolated hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204:222-228.
[26] Li L, Yang G, Li Q, Tang Y, Yang M, Yang H, et al. Changes and Relations of Circulating Visfatin, Apelin, and Resistin Levels in Normal, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 114:544-548.
[27] Erdem G, Dogru T, Tasci I, Sonmez A, Tapan S. Low plasma apelin levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2008; 116:289-292.
[28] Dray C, Knauf C, Daviaud D, Waget A, Boucher J, Buleon M, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose utilization in normal and obese insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metab 2008; 8:437-445.
[29] Singh V, Deedwania P. Reducing morbidity and mortality in high risk patients with statins. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5:495-507.
[30] Horiuchi Y, Fujii T, Kamimura Y, Kawashima K. The endogenous, immunologically active peptide apelin inhibits lymphocytic cholinergic activity during immunological responses. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 144:46-52.