Antimicrobial, Antiplasmid and Cytotoxicity Potentials of Marine Algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme Collected from Red Sea Coast

Authors: Samy A. Selim

Abstract:

The antimicrobial, antiplasmid and cytotoxic activities of marine algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme were investigated. Antimicrobial bioassay against some human pathogenic bacteria and yeast were conducted using disc diffusion method. Halimeda extract exhibited antibacterial activity against six species of microrganisms, with significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. While Sarconema extract was better potent as antifungal against Candida albicans. Comparative antibacterial studies showed that Halimeda extract showed equivalent or better activity as compared with commercial antibiotic when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Further tests conducted using dilution method showed both extracts as having bacteriostatic mode of action against the tested microorganisms. Methanol extract of two species showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 <500μg) on brine shrimp. Halimeda opuntia showed highest cytotoxic activity (LC50 =192.3μg). Also, the present investigation was undertaken to investigate the ability of methanolic extract of the algal extracts to cure R-plasmids from certain clinical E. coli isolates. The active fraction of Halimeda and Sarconema could cure plasmids from E. coli at curing efficiencies of approximately 78%. The active fraction mediated plasmid curing resulted in the subsequent loss of antibiotic resistance encoded in the plasmids as revealed by antibiotic resistance profile of cured strains. The screening results confirm the possible use of marine algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme as a source of pharmacological benefits.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, antiplasmid Cytotoxicity, Marine Algae.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1072926

References:

[1] H. C. Shin, H. J. Hwang, K. J. Kang and B. H. Lee, "An antioxidative and antiinflammatory agent for potential treatment of osteoarthritis from Ecklonia cava," Arch. Pharm. Res., 2006, vol. 29, pp. 165-171.
[2] Y. V. Yuan and N. A. Walsh, "Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds," Food Chem. Toxicol., 2006, vol. 44, pp. 1144-1150.
[3] A. Bocanegra, S. Bastida, J. Benedi, S. Rodenas and F. J. Sanchez- Muniz, "Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health properties of seaweeds," J. Med. Food., 2009, vol. 12, pp. 236-258.
[4] A. J. Smit, "Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review," J. Appl. Phycol. 2004, vol. 16, pp. 245-262.
[5] J. Ara, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, V. U. Ahmad, "Hypolipidaemic activity of seaweed from Karachi Coast," Phytother. Res., 2002, vol. 16, pp. 479- 483.
[6] K. E. Saker, J. H. Fike, H. Veit and D. L. Ward, "Brown seaweed- (Tasco) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and immune function in heat-stressed wether lambs," J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)., 2004, vol. 88, pp. 122-130.
[7] E. J. Lee and M. K. Sung, "Chemoprevention of azoxymethane induced rat colon carcinogenesis by seatangle, a fiber-rich seaweed," Plant Foods Human Nutr., 2003, vol. 58, pp. 1-8.
[8] M. Nakai, N. Kageyama, K. Nakahara and W. Miki, "Phlorotannins as radical scavengers from the extract of Sargassum ringgoldianum," Mar. Biotechnol., 2006, vol. 8, pp. 409-14.
[9] M. Fayaz, K. K. Namitha, K. N. C. Murthy, R. Sarada, S. Khanam, P. V. Subbarao and G. A. Ravishankar, "Chemical composition, iron bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of Kappaphycus alvarezzi (Doty) ," J. Agric. Food. Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 792-797.
[10] R. F. Dutra, P. R. Crespo, K. M. A. Coelho and T. V. Laneuville, "Produtos naturais de algas marinhas e seu potencial antioxidante," Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 2007, vol. 17, pp. 631-639.
[11] J. M. Shick and W. C. Dunlap, "Mycosporines-like amino acids and related gadusols: Biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms," Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2002, vol. 64, pp. 223-262.
[12] K. M. Fisch, V. Böhm, A. D. Wright and G. M. König, "Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita," J. Nat. Prod., 2003, vol. 66, pp. 968-975.
[13] R. A. Lincoln, K. Strupinski and J. M. Walker, "Bioactive compounds from algae," Life Chem. Rep., 1991, vol. 8, pp. 97-183.
[14] J.Y. Ang, E. Ezike and B. I. Asmar, "Antibacterial resistance," Indian J. Pediatr. 2004, vol. 71, pp. 229-39.
[15] N. Motohashi, M. Kawase, S. Saito, C. Miskolci, L. Berek and J. Molnár, "Plasmid elimination and immunomodulation by 3- benzazepines in vitro," Anticancer Res., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 5075-5078.
[16] S. A. Selim, M. M. Hagazy and A. S. Amin, "Screening of biopotentials and antibacterial activities of some fresh and marine Algae from Suez Canal Region, Egypt," Acta Botanica Hungarica, 2006, vol. 48(1-2), pp. 115-125.
[17] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Eleventh Informational Supplement. Disk diffusion. M100-S 11. NCCLS, Villanova, PA, USA, 2001.
[18] N. M. Deshpande, P. K. Dhakephalkar and P. P. Kanekar, "Plasmid-24. mediated dimethoate degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCMB- 427," Lett. App. Microbiol., 2001, vol. 33, pp. 275-9.
[19] J. L. McLaughlin, C. Chang and D. L. Smith, "Simple bench-top bioassays (brine-shrimp and potato discs) for the discovery of plant antitumour compounds. In: Human Medicinal Agents from Plants," (Eds.): A.D. Kinghorn & M.F. Balandrin. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 1993, pp. 112-137.
[20] D.J. Finney, "Probit Analysis," 3rd ed., Cambridge University press, Cambridge, London, 1971.
[21] G. König and A. Wright, "Laurencia rigida: chemical investigations of its antifouling dichloromethane extract," J. Nat. Prod., 1997, vol. 60, pp. 967-970.
[22] L. R. Carvalho and N. F. Roque, "Fenóis halogenados e/ou sulfatados de macroalgas marinhas," Química Nova., 2000, vol. 23, pp. 757-764.
[23] C. S. Vairappan, M. Suzuki, T. Motomuraa and T. Ichimura, "Pathogenic bacteria associated with lesions and thallus bleaching symptoms in the Japanese kelp Laminaria religiosa Miyabe (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)," Hydrobiologia, 2001, vol. 445, pp. 183-191
[24] K. G. Rosell and L. M.Srivastava, "Fatty acids as antimicrobial substances in brown algae," Hydrobiologia, 1987, vol. 151/152, pp. 471-475.
[25] A. Bansemir, M. Blume, S. Schröder and U. Lindequist, "Screening of cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria," Aquaculture, 2006, vol. 252, pp. 79-84.
[26] R. Ely, T. Supriya and C. G. Naik, "Antimicrobial activity of marine organisms collected off the coast of South East India," J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2004, vol. 309, pp. 121-127.
[27] Y. Freile-Pelegrin and J. L.Morales, "Antibacterial activity in marine algae from the coast of Yucatan," Mexico. Bot. Mar., 2004, vol. 47, pp. 140-146.
[28] V. M. V. S. Sastry and G. R. K. Rao, "Antibacterial substances from marine algae: Successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and methanol," Botanica Marina, 1994, vol. 37, pp. 357-360.
[29] B. Lustigman and C. Brown, "Antibiotic production by marine algae isolated from the New York/New Jersey Coast," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1991, vol. 46, pp. 329- 335.
[30] V. Vlachos, A. T. Critchley and A. von Holy, "Antimicrobial activity of extracts from selected Southern African marine macroalgae," South African Journal of Science, 1997, vol. 93, pp. 328-332.
[31] Y. Hirota, "The effect of acridine dyes on mating type factors in Escherichia coli," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1960, vol. 46, pp. 57-64.
[32] T. Watanabe, H. Nishida, C. Ogata, T. Arai and S. Sato, "Episomemediated transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae VII: Two type of naturally occurring R factors," J. Bacteriol., 1964, vol. 88, pp. 716-26.
[33] V. V. Lakshmi, S. Padma and H. Polasa, "Elimination of multidrugresistant plasmid in bacteria by plumbagin, a compound derived from a plant," Curr. Microbiol., 1987, vol. 16, pp. 159-61.
[34] A. Z. Beg and I. Ahmad, "Effect of Plumbago Zeylinica extract and certain curing agents on multidrug resistance bacteria of clinical origin," World J. Microb. Biotech., 2004, vol. 16, pp. 841-4.
[35] Z. Schelz, J. Molnar and J. Hohmann, "Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils," Fitoterapia, 2006, vol. 77, pp. 279-85.
[36] A. Manilal, S. Sujith, G. S. Kiran, J. Selvin, C. Shakir, R. Gandhimathi and M.V.N. Panikkar, "Bio-potentials of seaweeds collected from Southwest coast of India," J. Mar. Sci. and Technol., 2009, vol. 17, pp. 67-73.
[37] M. V. Tillekeratne and F. J. Schimitz, "4,9-diacetoxyudoteal: Alinear diterpene aldehyde from the green alga Halimeda opuntia," Phytochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, pp. 1331-1333.
[38] J. Ara, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, S. Ehteshamul-Haque and V.U. Ahmad, "Biological activity of Spatoglossum asperum: A brown algae," Phytother. Res., 2005, vol. 19, pp. 618-623.
[39] A. J. Smit, "Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review," J. Appl. Phycol., 2004, vol. 16, pp. 245-262.
[40] R. C. Vinayak, A.S. Sabu and A. Chatterji, "Bioprospecting of a few brown seaweed for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities," eCAM, 2010, pp. 1-9.