Biodegradation of Cyanide by a Novel Cyanidedegrading Bacterium

Authors: S. Potivichayanon, R. Kitleartpornpairoat

Abstract:

The objectives were to identify cyanide-degrading bacteria and study cyanide removal efficiency. Agrobacterium tumefaciens SUTS 1 was isolated. This is a new strain of microorganisms for cyanide degradation. The maximum growth rate of SUTS 1 obtained 4.7 × 108 CFU/ml within 4 days. The cyanide removal efficiency was studied at 25, 50, and 150 mg/L cyanide. The residual cyanide, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, pH, and cell counts were analyzed. At 25 and 50 mg/L cyanide, SUTS 1 obtained similar removal efficiency approximately 87.50%. At 150 mg/L cyanide, SUTS 1 enhanced the cyanide removal efficiency up to 97.90%. Cell counts of SUTS 1 increased when the cyanide concentration was set at lower. The ammonia increased when the removal efficiency increased. The nitrate increased when the ammonia decreased but the nitrite did not detect in all experiments. pH values also increased when the cyanide concentrations were set at higher.

Keywords: Biodegradation, Cyanide-degrading bacteria, Removal efficiency, Residual cyanide

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1071264

References:

[1] C. J. Knowles, "Microorganisms and cyanide," Bacteriol Rev., vol.40, pp. 652-680, 1976.
[2] S. A. Raybuck, "Microbes and microbial enzymes for cyanide degradation," Biodegradation, vol.3, pp. 3-18, 1992.
[3] P. A. Donberg, D. A. Odelson, G. M. Klecka, and D. A. Markham, "Biodegradation of acrylonitrile in soil," Environ Toxicol Chem., vol. 11, pp. 1538-1594, 1992.
[4] B. N. Aronstein, A. Maka, and V. J. Srivastava, "Chemical and biological removal of cyanide from aqueous and soil-containing systems," Appl Microbiol Biotechnol., vol. 41, pp. 700-707, 1994.
[5] ATSDR. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tox-profiles, 2004.
[6] T. C. Young and T. L. Theis, "Determination of cyanide in manufactured gas plant purified wastes," Environ Technol., vol. 12, pp. 1063-1069, 1991.
[7] J. C. L. Meeussen, G. K. Meindert, W. H. van Reimsdijk, and F.A.M. de Haan, "Dissolution behavior of iron cyanide (Prussian Blue) in contaminated soils," Environ Sci Technol., vol. 26, pp. 1832-1838, 1992b.
[8] A. G. Sharpe, "The chemical of the cyano complexes of the transition metals," 1st edn. Academic Press, New York, 1976.
[9] I. Finnegan, S. Toerien, L. Abbot, F. Smit, and H. G. Raubenheimer, "Identification and characterization of a Acinetobacter sp. capable of assimilation of a range of cyano-metal complexes, free cyanide ions and simple organic nitriles," Appl Microbiol Biotechnol., vol. 36, pp. 142- 144, 1991.
[10] J. L. Huiatt, "Cyanide from mineral processing: Problems and research needs," in Proc. Conf. Cyanide and the environment. Tucson, Arizona, 1984, pp. 65-81.
[11] M. Botz and T. Mudder, "Treatment of solutions and slurries for cyanide removal," In: A. Miular, D. Halbe, and D. Barratt, Mineral processing Plant Design, Practice, and Control. The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Chapter D-L, Littleton, Colorado, 2002, pp. 474.
[12] M. Logsdon, T. Mudder, and K. Hagelstein, "The management of cyanide in gold extraction," International Council on Metals and Environment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1999, pp. 40.
[13] A. Dumestre, T. Chone, J. M. Portal, M. Gerard, and J. Berthelin, "Cyanide Degradation under Alkaline Conditions by a Strain of Fusarium solani Isolated from Contamination Soils," Appl Environ Microb, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 2729-2734, 1997.
[14] M. D. Adjei and Y. Ohta, "Factors affecting the biodegradation of cyanide by Burkholderia cepacia strain C-3," J Biosci Bioengineer., vol. 89, pp. 274-277, 2000.
[15] J. K. Dhillon and N. Shivaraman, "Biodegradation of cyanide compounds by a Pseudomonas species (S1)," Can J Microbiol, vol. 45, pp. 201, 1999.
[16] J. Baxter and S. P. Cummings, "The current and future applications of microorganism in the bioremediation of cyanide contamination," A Van Leeuw., vol. 90, pp. 1-17, 2006.
[17] D. H. Bergey and G. H. John, "Bergey-s manual of determinative Bacteriology," William and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, 1994, pp. 71- 74.
[18] APHA, AWWA, and WPCF, "Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater," 19th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 535-561.
[19] J. Zupan, T. R. Muth, O. Draper, and P. Zambryski, "The transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants: a feast of fundamental insights," Plant J., vol. 23, pp. 11-28, 2000.
[20] B. Goodner, G. Hinkle, S. Gattung, N. Miller, M. Blanchard, B. Qurollo, et al., "Genome Sequence of the Plant Pathogen and Biotechnology Agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58," Science, vol.294, pp. 2323- 2328, 2001.
[21] D. W. Wood, J. C. Setubal, R. Kaul, D. E. Monks, J. P. Kitajima, V. K. Okura, et al,. "The Genome of the Natural Genetic Engineer Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58," Science, vol. 294, pp. 2317-2323, 2001.
[22] R. E. Harris and C. J. Knowles, "Isolation and growth of a Pseudomonas species that utilized cyanide as a source of nitrogen," J Gen Microbiol., vol. 129, pp. 1005-1011, 1983a.
[23] A. Watanabe, K. Yano, K. Ikebukuro, and I. Karube, "Cyanide hydrolysis in a cyanide-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri AK61 by cyanidase," Microbiology, vol. 144, pp. 1677-1682, 1998.
[24] D. A. Kunz, R. F. Fernandez, and P. Parab, "Evidance that bacterial cyanide oxygenase is a pterin-dependant hydroxylase," Biochem Biophys Res Comm., vol. 287, pp. 514-518, 2001.
[25] R. Cipollone, M. G. Bigotti, E. Frangipani, P. Ascenzi, and P. Visca, "Characterization of a rhodanese from the cyanogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa," Biochem Biophys Res Comm., vol. 325, pp. 85-90, 2004.
[26] K. Ingvorsen, B. Hojer-Pedersen, and S. E. Godtfredsen, "Novel cyanide-hydrolyzing enzyme from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. Denitrificans," Appl Environ Microbiol., vol. 57, pp. 1783-1789, 1991.
[27] S. M. Kang and D. J. Kim, "Degradation of cyanide by a bacterial mixture composed of new types of cyanide degrading bacteria," Biotechnol Letters., vol. 15, pp. 201-206, 1993.
[28] K. D. Chapatwala, G. R. V. Rabu, O. K. Vijaya, K. P. Kumar, and J. H. Wolfram, "Biodegradation of cyanides, cyanates and thiocyanates to ammonia and carbon dioxide by immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida," J Ind Microbiol and Biot., vol. 20, pp. 28-33, 1998.
[29] P. K. Dorr and C. J. Knowles, "Cyanide oxygenase and cyanase activities of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764," FEMS Microbiol Lett., vol. 60, pp. 289-294, 1989.
[30] P. R. Meyers, P. Gokool, D. E. Rawlings, and D. R. Woods, "An efficient cyanide-degrading Bacillus pumilus strain," J Gen Microbiol., vol. 137, pp. 1397-1400, 1991.
[31] S. Petrozzi and I. J. Dunn, "Biological cyanide degradation in aerobic fluidized bed reactors: treatment of almond seed wastewater," Bioprocess Eng., vol. 11, pp. 29-38, 1994.
[32] C. M. Kao, J. K. Liu, H. R. Lou, C. S. Lin, and S. C. Chen, "Biotransformation of cyanide to methane and ammonia by Klebsiella oxytoca," Chemosphere, vol. 50, pp. 1055-1061, 2003.
[33] S. Ebbs, "Biological degradation of cyanide compounds," Curr Opin Biotech., vol. 15, pp. 231-236, 2004.
[34] S. Sirianuntapiboon and C. Chuamkaew, "Packed cage rotating biological contactor system for treatment of cyanide wastewater," Bioresource Technol., vol. 98, pp. 266-272, 2007.
[35] Metcalf and Eddy, "Waste water engineering treatment disposal and reuse," third ed. McGraw-Hill Inc., Singapore, 1991, pp. 545-567.