Rigorous Electromagnetic Model of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging Applied to Automated Histology of Prostate Tissue Specimens

Authors: Rohith K Reddy, David Mayerich, Michael Walsh, P Scott Carney, Rohit Bhargava

Abstract:

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging is an emerging technique that provides both chemically and spatially resolved information. The rich chemical content of data may be utilized for computer-aided determinations of structure and pathologic state (cancer diagnosis) in histological tissue sections for prostate cancer. FT-IR spectroscopic imaging of prostate tissue has shown that tissue type (histological) classification can be performed to a high degree of accuracy [1] and cancer diagnosis can be performed with an accuracy of about 80% [2] on a microscopic (≈ 6μm) length scale. In performing these analyses, it has been observed that there is large variability (more than 60%) between spectra from different points on tissue that is expected to consist of the same essential chemical constituents. Spectra at the edges of tissues are characteristically and consistently different from chemically similar tissue in the middle of the same sample. Here, we explain these differences using a rigorous electromagnetic model for light-sample interaction. Spectra from FT-IR spectroscopic imaging of chemically heterogeneous samples are different from bulk spectra of individual chemical constituents of the sample. This is because spectra not only depend on chemistry, but also on the shape of the sample. Using coupled wave analysis, we characterize and quantify the nature of spectral distortions at the edges of tissues. Furthermore, we present a method of performing histological classification of tissue samples. Since the mid-infrared spectrum is typically assumed to be a quantitative measure of chemical composition, classification results can vary widely due to spectral distortions. However, we demonstrate that the selection of localized metrics based on chemical information can make our data robust to the spectral distortions caused by scattering at the tissue boundary.

Keywords: Infrared, Spectroscopy, Imaging, Tissue classification

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328796

References:

[1] D. Fernandez, R. Bhargava, S. Hewitt, and I. Levin, "Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition," Nature biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 469-474, 2005.
[2] R. Bhargava, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, vol. 389, no. 4, pp. 1155-1169, 2007.
[3] C. Craver, "The coblentz society desk book of infrared spectra," DTIC Document, Tech. Rep., 1977.
[4] E. Lewis, P. Treado, R. Reeder, G. Story, A. Dowrey, C. Marcott, and I. Levin, "Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Imaging Using an Infrared Focal-Plane Array Detector," Anal. Chem., vol. 67, no. 19, pp. 3377- 3381, 1995.
[5] M. Moharam and T. Gaylord, JOSA, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 811-818, 1981.
[6] B. Davis, P. Carney, and R. Bhargava, "Theory of midinfrared absorption microspectroscopy: I. homogeneous samples," Anal. Chem., vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 3474-3486, 2010.
[7] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Theory of mid-infrared absorption microspectroscopy: Ii. heterogeneous samples," Anal. Chem., vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 3487-3499, 2010.
[8] R. Reddy, B. Davis, P. Carney, and R. Bhargava, "Modeling fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of prostate and breast cancer tissue specimens," IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, pp. 738-741, 2011.
[9] B. Richards and E. Wolf, "Electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems. II," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, vol. 253, no. 1274, pp. 358-379, 1959.