1Malaysia: National Education Challenge and Nation Building

Authors: Mohd Ridhuan Tee Abdullah, Ong Hai Liaw, Wan Norhasniah Wan Husin

Abstract:

The main issue discussed is on the role of education system in the process of nation building as a means in uniting different community ethnics which later on, hoped to shape the future ethnic relation of this country. It is generally known that political socialization experienced by each ethnic community has given birth to a vernacular education system, separated along the ethnic line. Every community shapes their own education system based on their respective mother tongue language, however all are based on the same curriculum. As a result the role of education as a uniting force is not significantly effective. Historically, it has been shown that government efforts to unite the country education system under the wing of national education system (national school) is not that successful since every community (Chinese) will defend the existence of their community education system because they want to spur their mother tongue language. The clash between national education system and vernacular education system is the root cause of stalemate in the ethnic relation in Malaysia and it always becomes a flash point when the issue is raised. The question now is what is the best solution to enhance the national education system in multiethnic Malaysia?

Keywords: Political socialization, education, national unity, national school, vernacular school and 1Malaysia

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1062216

References:

[1] H. H. Hyman, Political Socialization, A Study in the Psychology of Political Behaviour. New York: The Free Press, 1959, pp v-vi.
[2] Michael Rush & Philip Althoff, An Introduction to Political Sociology. Norwich: Flether and Son Ltd, 1972, pp 17.
[3] Gabriel A. Almond & Sidney Verba. The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1963.
[4] Lucian W. Pye, Political Culture and Political Development. Princeton University Press: 1965.
[5] Michael Rush dan Philip Althoff , Pengantar Sosiologi Politik. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali. 1983.
[6] Mehran Kamrava, Understanding Comparative Politics, A Framework for Analysis. London: Routledge, London, 1996, pp 59.
[7] Jack Dennis, Socialization to Politics: A Reader. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1973.
[8] Dennis Kavanagh, Budaya Politik. Kuala Lumpur. 1987.
[9] Kenneth P. Langton, Political Socialization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969, pp 4-5
[10] Richard E.Dawson & KennethPrewitt, Political Socialization. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1969.
[11] Jean Melville Herskovits, Cultural Anthropology. New York: Alfred A. Knoff. 1955
[12] Lucian W. Pye & Sidney Verba, Political Culture and Political Development. Princeton. Princeton University Press, 1965, pp 516.
[13] Robert E. Dowse & John A. Hughes. Political Sosiology. London: John Wiley & Sons. 1972, pp 227.
[14] Douglas S.A. Political Socialization and Student Activism in Indonesia. Illinois: University of Illinois, 1967, pp 9.
[15] Mehran Kamrava, Politics and Society in the Third World. London: Routledge, 1993, pp 137.
[16] Jack Dennis, Socialization to Politics: A Reader. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1973.
[17] Dennis Kavanagh, Budaya Politik. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1987.
[18] Gabriel A. Almond & Sidney Verba, Budaya Politik: Tingkahlaku Politik dan Demokrasi di Lima Negara. Jakarta: P.T. Bina Aksara, 1984, pp 326.
[19] Neena Sharma, Political Sosialization and Its Impact on Attitudinal Change Towards Social and Political System: A Case Study of Harijan Women of Delh". New Delhi: M.C. Mittal. 1985, pp 56.
[20] Richard W. Wilson, The Moral State: A Study of the Political Socialization of Chinese and American Children. New York: The Free Press. 1974, pp 10.
[21] Samsudin A Rahim, "Sosialisasi Politik". Utusan Malaysia, 21 April 2007
[22] Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, 2011.http://www.moe.gov.my/?act=search&id=0& keyword=sekolah. Accessed 6 Jun 2011.
[23] Shahid Jalil dan Akmar Hisham Mokhles, 6 Jun 2002. “Kuota 10% muktamad – Aziz: Bukan bumiputera ke MRSM perancangan perkukuhkan integrasi kaum”. Utusan Malaysia
[24] Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1975. Laporan Ahli Jawatankuasa Pendidikan Kuala Lumpur.
[25] Siti Maspiah Hassan dan Nor Azizah Salleh, 1995. Pendidikan Vokasional: Formal Dan Non-Formal Ke Arah Wawasan 2020. Kertas kerja dibentangkan dalam Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Negara Abad Ke-21 pada 9 November 1995. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
[26] Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, 2011. http://www.moe.gov.my/?act=search&id=0& keyword=sekolah. Accessed 10 Jun 2011.
[27] Abdullah Ishak, 1995. Pendidikan Islam dan Pengaruhnya di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
[28] Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. Perangkaan Sepintas Lalu Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia 2005. Putrajaya: Bah. Perancangan & Penyelidikan, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi. 2006
[29] Rita Sim, 15 April 2012. “Language barriers for Chineseeducated”. http://www.mysinchew.com/node/72556?tid=12. Accessed 17 April 2012
[30] Sidek Baba, 2010. “1Malaysia: Pendidikan Asas Transformasi Negara Sejahtera”, dalam Shahlan Ismail (ed), 1Malaysia Menjana Negara Sejahtera dan Bahagian Menjelang 2020. Kuala Lumpur: Centre for Glocal Concerns.
[31] Mohd Ridhuan Tee Abdullah, 22 Nov 2009. “Jangan politikkan masa depan pendidikan”. Mingguan Malaysia
[32] Mohd Ridhuan Tee Abdullah, 31 Januari 2010. “Masalah Pendidikan di Malaysia”. Mingguan Malaysia
[33] Mingguan Malaysia, 2005. 13 November 2005
[34] Tan Liok Ee, 1989. Chinese Education in Malaysia and Singapore. Dlm. Suryadinata (pnyt.). The Ethnic Chinese in the Asean States. Singapore: ISEAS.
[35] Utusan Malaysia, 2005. 27 April 2005.
[36] Yew Yeok Kim, 1973. Education and the Acculturation of the Malaysia Chinese: A Survey of Form IV Pupils in Chinese and English School in West Malaysia. M.Ed Thesis. University of Malaya and Yew Yeok Kim, 1982. Education, National Identity and National Integration: A Survey of Secondary School Students of Chinese Origin in Urban Peninsular Malaysia. Ph.D Thesis. Stanford University.
[37] Leo Suryadinata, The Ethnic Chinese in the Asean States. Singapore: ISEAS, 1989, pp 180
[38] N.J. Funston, Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of the United Malay Organisation and Party Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Hienemann Educational Books (Asia Ltd), 1980.
[39] Haris Md. Jadi, 1990. Etnik, Politik dan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
[40] Mansor Mohd Noor et al, Hubungan Etnik Di Malaysia. Selangor: Prentice Hall Pearsin Malaysia Sdn Bhd, 2006, pp 237-295.
[41] Mohd Ridhuan Tee Abdullah, “Beza antara politik Melayu dengan Politik Cina”.http://ridhuantee.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html, 7 Mac 2011, accessed 27 Jul 2011.
[42] Mohd Ridhuan Tee Abdullah,. “Jangan Menang Sorak”. Mingguan Malaysia, 13 Februari 2011.
[43] David Cameron, “State multiculturalism has failed”. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12371994, February 2011