What Managers Think of Informal Networks and Knowledge Sharing by Means of Personal Networking?
Authors: Mahmood Q.K. Ghaznavi, Martin Perry, Paul Toulson, Keri Logan
Abstract:
The importance of nurturing, accumulating, and efficiently deploying knowledge resources through formal structures and organisational mechanisms is well understood. Recent trends in knowledge management (KM) highlight that the effective creation and transfer of knowledge can also rely upon extra-organisational channels, such as, informal networks. The perception exists that the role of informal networks in knowledge creation and performance has been underestimated in the organisational context. Literature indicates that many managers fail to comprehend and successfully exploit the potential role of informal networks to create value for their organisations. This paper investigates: 1) whether managers share work-specific knowledge with informal contacts within and outside organisational boundaries; and 2) what do they think is the importance of this knowledge collaboration in their learning and work outcomes.
Keywords: Informal network, knowledge management, knowledge sharing, performance.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1060395
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 2113References:
[1] Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136.
[2] Allen, J., James, A. D., & Gamlen, P. (2007). Formal versus informal knowledge networks in R&D: a case study using social network analysis. (Article). R&D Management, 37(3), 179-196.
[3] Anand, V., Manz, C. C., & Glick, W. H. (1998). An Organizational Memory Approach to Information Management. The Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 796-809.
[4] Bouty, I. (2000). Interpersonal and Interaction Influences on Informal Resource Exchanges between R&D Researchers across Organizational Boundaries. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 50-65.
[5] Bryan, L. L., & Joyce, C. (2005). The 21st-century organization. The McKinsey Quarterly (3), 21-29.
[6] Burt, Ronald S. (2004). Structural Holes and Good Ideas. The American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 349-399.
[7] Chow, W. S., & Chan, L. S. (2008). Social network, social trust and shared goals in organizational knowledge sharing. Information & Management, 45(7), 458-465.
[8] Cross, R., Nohria, N., & Parker, A. (2002). Six Myths About Informal Networks - and How to Overcome Them. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(3), 67.
[9] Cross, R., & Parker, A. (2004). The hidden power of social networks: understanding how work really gets done in organizations. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
[10] Cross, R., Parker, A., Prusak, L., & Borgatti, S. P. (2001). Knowing What We Know: Supporting Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Social Networks. (Article). Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 100-120.
[11] Cross, R., & Sproull, L. (2004). More Than an Answer: Information Relationships for Actionable Knowledge. Organization Science, 15(4), 446-462.
[12] Cummings, J. N. (2004). Work Groups, Structural Diversity, and Knowledge Sharing in a Global Organization. Management Science, 50(3), 352-364.
[13] Cummings, J. N., & Cross, R. (2003). Structural properties of work groups and their consequences for performance. Social Networks, 25(3), 197-210.
[14] Dahl, M. S., & Pedersen, C. ├ÿ. R. (2004). Social networks in the R&D process: the case of the wireless communication industry around Aalborg, Denmark. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 22(1-2), 75-92.
[15] Davenport, T. H. (2005). Thinking for a living : how to get better performance and results from knowledge workers. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
[16] Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (2000). Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know (New Ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press
[17] Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know (New Ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School McGraw-Hill
[18] Fleming, L., & Frenken, K. (2007). The evolution of inventor networks in the Silicon Valley and Boston regions. Advances in Complex Systems, 10(1), 53-71.
[19] Granovetter, M. (2005). The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 33-50.
[20] Grant, R. M. (1996). Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration. Organization Science, 7(4), 375-387.
[21] Haldin-Herrgard, T. (2000). Difficulties in diffusion of tacit knowledge in organizations. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(4), 357-365.
[22] Hansen, M. T., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T. (1999). What's your strategy for managing knowledge? Harvard Business Review, 106-116.
[23] Harhoff, D., Henkel, J., & von Hippel, E. (2003). Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: how users benefit by freely revealing their innovations. Research Policy, 32(10), 1753-1769.
[24] Ichijo, & Nonaka, I. (Eds.). (2007). Knowledge creation and management: new challenges for managers. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
[25] Kaše, R., Paauwe, J., & Zupan, N. (2009). HR practices, interpersonal relations, and intrafirm knowledge transfer in knowledge-intensive firms: a social network perspective. (Article). Human Resource Management, 48(4), 615-639.
[26] Lawson, B., Petersen, K. J., Cousins, P. D., & Handfield, R. B. (2009). Knowledge Sharing in Interorganizational Product Development Teams: The Effect of Formal and Informal Socialization Mechanisms. (Article). Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(2), 156-172.
[27] Lee, G. K., & Cole, R. E. (2003). From a Firm-Based to a Community- Based Model of Knowledge Creation: The Case of the Linux Kernel Development. Organization Science, 14(6), 633-649.
[28] Levin, D. Z., & Cross, R. (2004). The Strength of Weak Ties You Can Trust: The Mediating Role of Trust in Effective Knowledge Transfer. Management Science, 50(11), 1477-1490.
[29] Lundvall, B.-Å. (Ed.). (2010). National systems of innovation: toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. London New York, NY: Anthem.
[30] Nonaka, I., Nishiguchi, & Krogh, V. (Eds.). (2000). Knowledge creation: a source of value. New York: Macmillan.
[31] Owen-Smith, J., & Powell, W. W. (2004). Knowledge Networks as Channels and Conduits: The Effects of Spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community ORGANIZATION SCIENCE, 15(1), 5-21.
[32] Reagans, R., & McEvily, B. (2003). Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer: The Effects of Cohesion and Range. (Article). Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2), 240-267.
[33] Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18-35.
[34] Saxenian, A. (1991). The origins and dynamics of production networks in Silicon Valley. Research Policy, 20(5), 423-437.
[35] Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
[36] Schrader, S. (1991). Informal technology transfer between firms: Cooperation through information trading. Research Policy, 20(2), 153- 170.
[37] Teigland, R., & Wasko, M. M. (2003). Integrating Knowledge through Information Trading: Examining the Relationship between Boundary Spanning Communication and Individual Performance*. Decision Sciences, 34(2), 261-286.
[38] von Hippel, E. (1987). Cooperation between rivals: Informal know-how trading. Research Policy, 16(6), 291-302.
[39] von Hippel, E. (1994). "Sticky Information" and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation. (Article). Management Science, 40(4), 429-439.
[40] von Hippel, E., & von Krogh, G. (2003). Open Source Software and the "Private-Collective" Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science. Organization Science, 14(2), 209-223.
[41] Wasko, M. M., Faraj, S., & Teigland, R. (2004). Collective Action and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5(11/12), 493-513.
[42] Yongsuk, K. (2008). Formal Boundary Spanning and Informal Boundary Spanning in Cross-Border Knowledge Sharing: A Case Study. Paper presented at the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (Hicss), Hawaii.
[43] Zander, U., & Kogut, B. (1995). Knowledge and the Speed of the Transfer and Imitation of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test. (Article). Organization Science, 6(1), 76-92.