TiO2-Zeolite Y Catalyst Prepared Using Impregnation and Ion-Exchange Method for Sonocatalytic Degradation of Amaranth Dye in Aqueous Solution

Authors: Atheel Hassan Alwash, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, Norli Ismail

Abstract:

Characteristics and sonocatalytic activity of zeolite Y catalysts loaded with TiO2 using impregnation and ion exchange methods for the degradation of amaranth dye were investigated. The Ion-exchange method was used to encapsulate the TiO2 into the internal pores of the zeolite while the incorporation of TiO2 mostly on the external surface of zeolite was carried out using the impregnation method. Different characterization techniques were used to elucidate the physicochemical properties of the produced catalysts. The framework of zeolite Y remained virtually unchanged after the encapsulation of TiO2 while the crystallinity of zeolite decreased significantly after the incorporation of 15 wt% of TiO2. The sonocatalytic activity was enhanced by TiO2 incorporation with maximum degradation efficiencies of 50% and 68% for the encapsulated titanium and titanium loaded onto the zeolite, respectively after 120min of reaction. Catalysts characteristics and sonocatalytic behaviors were significantly affected by the preparation method and the location of TiO2 introduced with zeolite structure. Behaviors in the sonocatalytic process were successfully correlated with the characteristics of the catalysts used.

Keywords: Sonocatalytic degradation, TiO2 loaded, ionexchange, impregnation, amaranth dye, process behavior.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328514

References:

[1] J. Wang, J. Li, Y. Xie, C. Li, G. Han, L. Zhang, R. Xu, X. Zhang, "Investigation on solar photocatalytic degradation of various dyes in the presence of Er3+:Y AlO3/ZnO-TiO2 composite", J. Environ. Manage.,vol. 91, pp. 677-684, 2010.
[2] A.N. Ökte, O. Yilmaz, "La and Ce loaded TiO2-ZSM-5 catalysts: Comparative characterization and photocatalytic activity investigations", Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. vol. 126 pp. 245-252, 2009.
[3] J. Marugán, J. Aguado, W. Gernjak, S. Malato, "Solar photocatalytic degradation of dichloroacetic acid with silica-supported titania at pilot-plant scale", Catal. Today., vol. 129, pp. 59-68, 2007.
[4] Y. Zhang, S. Deng, B. Sun, H. Xiao, L. Li, G. Yang, Q. Hui, J. Wu, J. Zheng, "Preparation of TiO2-loaded activated carbon fiber hybrids and application in a pulsed discharge reactor for decomposition of methyl orange", J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 347, pp. 260-266, 2010.
[5] H. Yoneyama, S. Haga, S. Yamanaka, "Photocatalytic activities of microcrystalline TiO2 incorporated in sheet silicates of clay", J. Phys. Chem., vol. 93 pp. 4833-4837, 1989.
[6] D.I. Petkowicz, R. Brambilla, C. Radtke, C.D.S. da Silva, Z.N. da Rocha, S.B.C. Pergher, J.H.Z. dos Santos, "Photodegradation of methylene blue by in situ generated titania supported on a NaA zeolite", Appl. Catal. A: Gen., vol. 357, pp. 125-134, 2009.
[7] X. Liu, K.-K. Iu, J. Kerry Thomas, "Encapsulation of TiO2 in zeolite Y", Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 195, pp. 163-168, 1992.
[8] A.N. Ökte, Ö. Yilmaz, "Characteristics of lanthanum loaded TiO2- ZSM-5 photocatalysts:Decolorization and degradation processes of methyl orange", Appl. Catal. A: Gen., vol. 354, pp. 132-142, 2009.
[9] H. Chen, A. Matsumoto, N. Nishimiya, K. Tsutsumi, "Preparation and characterization of TiO2 incorporated Y-zeolite", Colloid. Surf. A., vol. 157, pp. 295-305, 1999.
[10] A. Corma, H. Garcia, "Zeolite-based photocatalysts", Chem. Commun., vol. 10, pp. 1443-1459, 2004.
[11] Y.L. Pang, S. Bhatia, A.Z. Abdullah, "Process behavior of TiO2 nanotube-enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution", Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 77, pp. 331-338, 2011.
[12] B. Cekova, D. Kocev, E. Kolcakovska, D. Stojanova, "Zeolites as alcohol adsorbents from aqueous solutions", Acta Periodica Technol., pp. 83-87, 2006.
[13] R.J. Tayade, R.G. Kulkarni, R.V. Jasra, "Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2-coated NaY and HY zeolites for the degradation of methylene blue in water", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 46, pp. 369-376, 2007.
[14] E.P. Reddy, L. Davydov, P. Smirniotis, "TiO2-loaded zeolites and mesoporous materials in the sonophotocatalytic decomposition of aqueous organic pollutants: the role of the support", Appl. Catal. B: Environ., vol. 42, pp. 1-11, 2003.
[15] A.Z. Abdullah, P.Y. Ling, "Heat treatment effects on the characteristics and sonocatalytic performance of TiO2 in the degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 173, pp. 159-167, 2010.
[16] C.C. Wang, C.K. Lee, M.D. Lyu, L.C. Juang, "Photocatalytic degradation of C.I. Basic Violet 10 using TiO2 catalysts supported by Y zeolite: An investigation of the effects of operational parameters", Dyes Pigments., vol. 76, pp. 817-824, 2008.
[17] V. Durgakumari, M. Subrahmanyam, K.V. Subba Rao, A. Ratnamala, M. Noorjahan, K. Tanaka, "An easy and efficient use of TiO2 supported HZSM-5 and TiO2+HZSM-5 zeolite combinate in the photodegradation of aqueous phenol and p-chlorophenol", Appl. Catal. A: Gen., vol. 234, pp. 155-165, 2002.
[18] S.H. Bossmann, C. Turro, C. Schnabel, M.R. Pokhrel, L.M. Payawan Jr, B. Baumeister, M. Wörner, "Ru (bpy)3 2+/TiO2-codoped zeolites: synthesis, characterization, and the role of TiO2 in electron transfer photocatalysis", J. Physic. Chem. B., vol. 105, pp. 5374-5382, 2001.
[19] S. Easwaramoorthi, P. Natarajan, "Photophysical properties of phenosafranine (PHNS) adsorbed on the TiO2-incorporated zeolite- Y", Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., vol. 86, pp. 185-190, 2005.
[20] G.P. Joshi, N.S. Saxena, T.P. Sharma, S.C.K. Mishra, "Measurement of thermal transport and optical properties of conducting polyaniline", Indian J. Pure Appl. Phy., vol. 44 pp. 786-790, 2006.
[21] M. Anpo, H. Yamashita, M. Matsuoka, P. Dal-Ryung, S. Yong-Gun, P. Sang-Eon, "Design and development of titanium and vanadium oxide photocatalysts incorporated within zeolite cavities and their photocatalytic reactivities", J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Seoul., vol. 6, pp. 59- 71, 2000.
[22] H. Hassan, B.H. Hameed, "Oxidative decolorization of Acid Red 1 solutions by Fe-zeolite Y type catalyst", Desalination., vol. 276, pp. 45-52, 2011.
[23] S. Yamaguchi, T. Fukura, Y. Imai, H. Yamaura, H. Yahiro, "Photocatalytic activities for partial oxidation of ╬▒-methylstyrene over zeolite-supported titanium dioxide and the influence of water addition to reaction solvent", Electrochim. Acta., vol. 55, pp. 7745-7750, 2010.
[24] S. Easwaramoorthi, P. Natarajan, "Characterisation and spectral properties of surface adsorbed phenosafranine dye in zeolite-Y and ZSM-5: Photosensitisation of embedded nanoparticles of titanium dioxide", Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., vol. 117, pp. 541-550, 2009.
[25] W. Zhang, L. Zou, L. Wang, "Photocatalytic TiO2 adsorbent nanocomposites prepared via wet chemical impregnation for wastewater treatment: A review", Appl. Catal. A: Gen., vol. 371, pp. 1-9, 2009.
[26] A. Pourahmad, S. Sohrabnezhad, "A cost effective and sensitive method for the determination of ammonia concentration in nanocrystal mordenite", Int. J. Nano. Dim, vol. 1, pp. 143-152, 2010.
[27] F. Serralha, J. Lopes, F. Lemos, D. Prazeres, M. Aires-Barros, J. Cabral, F. Ramoa Ribeiro, "Zeolites as supports for an enzymatic alcoholysis reaction", J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., vol. 4, pp. 303-311, 1998.