Socio-Spatial Resilience Strategic Planning Through Understanding Strategic Perspectives on Tehran and Bath

Authors: Aynaz Lotfata

Abstract:

Planning community has been long discussing emerging paradigms within the planning theory in the face of the changing conditions of the world order. The paradigm shift concept was introduced by Thomas Kuhn, in 1960, who claimed the necessity of shifting within scientific knowledge boundaries; and following him in 1970 Imre Loktas also gave priority to the emergence of multi-paradigm societies [24]. Multi-paradigm is changing our predetermined lifeworld through uncertainties. Those uncertainties are reflected in two sides, the first one is uncertainty as a concept of possibility and creativity in public sphere and the second one is uncertainty as a risk. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a resilience planning approach to be more dynamic in controlling uncertainties which have the potential to transfigure present time and space definitions. In this way, stability of system can be achieved. Uncertainty is not only an outcome of worldwide changes but also a place-specific issue, i.e. it changes from continent to continent, a country to country; a region to region. Therefore, applying strategic spatial planning with respect to resilience principle contributes to: control, grasp and internalize uncertainties through place-specific strategies. In today-s fast changing world, planning system should follow strategic spatial projects to control multi-paradigm societies with adaptability capacities. Here, we have selected two alternatives to demonstrate; these are; 1.Tehran (Iran) from the Middle East 2.Bath (United Kingdom) from Europe. The study elaborates uncertainties and particularities in their strategic spatial planning processes in a comparative manner. Through the comparison, the study aims at assessing place-specific priorities in strategic planning. The approach is to a two-way stream, where the case cities from the extreme end of the spectrum can learn from each other. The structure of this paper is to firstly compare semi-periphery (Tehran) and coreperiphery (Bath) cities, with the focus to reveal how they equip to face with uncertainties according to their geographical locations and local particularities. Secondly, the key message to address is “Each locality requires its own strategic planning approach to be resilient.--

Keywords: Adaptation, Relational Network, Socio-Spatial Strategic Resiliency, Uncertainty.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1057961

References:

[1] Ashby, W. R., Principles of the self-organizing system, Classical Papers - Principles of the self-organizing system, Vol. 6, No. 1-2,pp. 102- 126.,2004.
[2] Buchinger, E., Comparing Conceptions of Learning: Pask and Luhmann, Constructivist Foundations vol. 5, No.3, 2010.
[3] B├ÿYUM, S., the Concept of Philosophical Experience, Journal of Metaphilosophy Vol. 39, No. 3, pp., 265-28.,2008.
[4] Cilliers, P., the formation of the self-Nietzsche and complexity, S.AFR., Philos, No.1, Vol.21, pp.33-55, 2002.
[5] Cooper, L., Between Eros and Will to power: Rousseau and "The desire to extend our being", Journal of American Political science review, No.1, Vol.98, 2004.
[6] Evaluating the effects of Globalization on Tehran-s Urban Form (Online) available at: .
[7] Folke, Carpenter, Elmqvist, Gunderson, Holling and Walker, C., S., T., S., Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. Ambio, 31(5), pp. 437- 440, 2002.
[8] Froese, T., From Cybernetics to Second-Order Cybernetics: A Comparative Analysis of Their Central Ideas, Constructivist Foundations vol. 5, and No.2, 2010.
[9] Fuchs, Stockinger, C., G., the auto-creation of Communication and the recreation of action in social systems in: causality, emergence and selforganization, press by Austrian ministry for education, science and culture, pp. 303-306, 2000.
[10] Heylighen, Gershenson, F., C., How can we think the complex? Centrum Leo Apostel, Vrije Universiteit Brussels., 2000.
[11] Heylighen, F., Complexity and Self-organization, Taylor & Francis, Free University of Brussels, 2008.
[12] Heylighen, F., Complexity and Information Overload in Society: why increasing efficiency leads to decreasing control, to be submitted to: The Information Society, Free University of Brussels, 2002.
[13] Heylighen, Gershenson, Gilliers, F., C., P., Complexity and Philosophy, Universities Brussels.
[14] Heylighen, F., copes with complexity: concepts and principles for a support system, Journal of Mutual Uses of Cybernetics and Science, pp. 39-55,1991.
[15] Heylighen, F., the science of self-organization and adaptive, Free University of Brussels, Belgium, 2001.
[16] Heylighen, F., A cognitive systemic reconstruction of Maslow Theory of self-actualization, journal of Behavioral science, Vol.37, 1992.
[17] Kirmayer, L.J., Community Resilience: Models, Metaphors and measures, Journal de la santé sutochtone, November, pp. 63-117,2009
[18] Knyazeva, h.,Nonlinear Cobweb of Cognition, Found Sci, NO.14, pp. 167-179, 2009.
[19] Lewin, R., Complexity: Life at the edge of chaos. , Macmillan Pub. Co.; Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International, (x, 208), New York Toronto New York, 1992.
[20] Nason, S., Contingency, Necessity and causation in Kierkegaard-s Theory of change, Journal of History of Philosophy, No.1, Vol.20, pp. 141-162, 2012.
[21] Rotter, J.,Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement, Journal of American Psychologies, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp.489-493, 1989.
[22] Safe Community District 22 of the Tehran Municipality (Online) available at:
[23] Tehran City Development Strategy (Online) available at:
[24] Tekeli,I.,Mekansal Ve Tolumsal Olanin Bilgibilimi Yazilari, Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yayinlari:G.M. Matbaacilik Ticaret A.S., pp. 239-244, 2010.
[25] Tekeli, I, Akilci Planlamadan, bir Demokrasi Projesi Olarak Planlamya, Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yayinlari:G.M. Matbaacilik Ticaret A.S., pp. 68-75, 2009.
[26] Tu, W.,Neo-Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-Ming-s Youth (1472-1509). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976.
[27] Whitehead, A.N., Process and Reality (New York: The Free Press), 1929.