The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) with Turkish Sample: Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis

Authors: Oznur Korukcu, Kamile Kukulu, Mehmet Z. Firat

Abstract:

The propose of this study is to investigate the factor structures of the W-DEQ, originally developed on UK and Swedish women, were confirmed in Turkish samples, and to obtain a new modified factor structure appropriate to Turkish culture. Statistical analyses of the data obtained were performed using SPSS© for Windows version 13.0 and the SAS statistical software Version 9.1. Both confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of W-DEQ were performed in the study. Factor analysis yielded four factors related to hope, fear, lack of positive anticipation and riskiness. The alpha estimates of the total W-DEQ score were somewhat higher, being 0.92 for the parous and 0.90 for the nulliparous sample. These are well above the accepted limit of 0.70 and indicate excellent levels of internal reliability, thus showing that the questions were appropriate to the Turkish culture and useful scale for the evaluation of fear of childbirth in Turkish pregnants.

Keywords: Confirmatory factor analysis, cross-cultural research, exploratory factor analysis, fear of childbirth.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1056050

References:

[1] Gaskin IM, Childbirth without fear, Pinter&Martin Ltd, London, 2009.
[2] Hofberg K, Ward MR, "Fear of childbirh, tocophobia, and mental health in mothers: the obstetric-psychiatric interface", Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 47, 2004, pp. 527-534.
[3] Lowe NK, "The nature of labor pain". Am J Obstet Gynecol, 186 (Suppl. 1), 2002, pp.16-24.
[4] Phumdoung S, Good M, "Music Reduces Sensation and Distress of Labor Pain", Pain Management Nursing, 4(2), 2003, pp.54-61.
[5] Beigi NM, Broumandfar K, Bahadoran P, Abedi HA, "Women-s experience of pain during childbirth", Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res, 15(2), 2010, pp.77-82.
[6] Catrine AN, Murphy-Black T, "Memory for labor pain: A review of the literature", Birth, 27(4), 2000, pp.244-253.
[7] Madden KL, Turnbull D, Cyna AM, Allan MC, Adelson P, Wilkson C, "Pain relief for childbirth: The preferences of pregnant women, midwives and obstetricians", Women and Birth, WOMBI-222, 2012, pp.1- 8.
[8] Eappen S, Robbins D. "Nonpharmacological Means of Pain Relief for Labor and Delivery", International Anesthesiology Clinics, 40(4), 2002, pp.103-114.
[9] Browning CA. "Using music during childbirth", Birth, 27(4), 2000, pp. 272-276.
[10] Simkin P, Bolding A. "Update on Nonpharmacologic Approaches to Relieve Labor Pain and Prevent Suffering", Journal of Midwifery & Women-s Health, 46(6), 2004, pp.489- 504.
[11] Haines H, Pallant J, Karlstr A, Hildingsson I, "Cross-cultural comparison of levels of childbirth-related fear in an Australian and Swedish sample", Midwifery, 27, 2011, pp. 560-567.
[12] Saisto T, Aro K, Nurmi EJ, Halmesmaki E, "Psychosocial characteristics of women and their partners fearing vaginal childbirth". British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 108, 2001, pp.492-498.
[13] Roth D, Antony MM, Swinson RP, "Interpretations for anxiety symptoms in social phobia, Behaviour Research and Therapy", 39, 2001, pp.129-138.
[14] DiRenzo GC, "Tocophobia: a new indication for Cesarean delivery?", The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 13, 2003, pp. 217.
[15] Kör├╝kc├╝ ├û, Kukulu K, F─▒rat MZ, "The Secret Nightmare That Women Living: Tocophobia", Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 22(2), 2008, pp.127-135.
[16] Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M, "Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth". Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetric and Gynaecology, 19, 1998, pp.84-97.
[17] Kör├╝kc├╝ ├û, Kukulu K, Firat MZ, "The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire with pregnant women", Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19, 2012, pp. 193-202.
[18] Ryding EL, Persson A, Onell C, Kvist L, "An evaluation of midwives- counseling of pregnant women in fear of childbirth", Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica, 82, 2003, 10-17.
[19] Johnson R, Slade P, "Does fear of childbirth during pregnancy predict emergency caesarean section", BJOG, 109, 2002, pp.1213-1221.
[20] Wiklund I, Edman G, Ryding EL, Andolf E, "Expectation and experiences of childbirth in primiparae with caesarean section", BJOG, 115, 2008, pp.324-331.
[21] Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D, LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood, instrumental variables, and least squares methods, Scientific Software, Mooresville, 1986.
[22] Bentler PM, Dudgeon P, "Covariance structure analysis: Statistical practice, theory, and directions". Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 1996, pp.563-592.
[23] Brown MW, Cudeck R, Alternative ways of assessing model fit, In KA. Bollen & JS. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models. CA: Sage, Newbury Park, 1993.
[24] Hu L, Bentler PM, "Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives". Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1999, pp. 1-55.
[25] Bentler PM, Bonett DG, "Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures". Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1980, pp. 588-606.
[26] Bentler PM, "Comparative fit indexes in structural models". Psychological Bulletin, 107, 1990, pp.238-246.
[27] Kieffer KM, "An introductory primer on the appropriate use of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis". Research in the schools, 6, 1999, pp.75-92.
[28] Curran PJ, West SG, Finch JF, "The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis", Psychological Methods, 1, 1996, pp.16-29.
[29] Hu L, Bentler PM, Kano Y, "Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted?", Psychological Bulletin, 112, 1992, pp.351-362.
[30] West SG, Finch JF, Curran PJ, Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies, In Hoyle R H (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1995.
[31] Browne MW, "Asymptotically distribution-free methods for the analysis of covariance structures". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 37, 1984, pp.62-83.
[32] Satorra A, Bentler PM, Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis, In A. Von Eye, CC Clogg (Eds.), Analysis of latent variables in developmental research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1994.
[33] Kline RB, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, Guilford Press, New York, 2005.
[34] Tucker LR, Lewis CA, "Reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis". Psychometrika, 38, 2006, pp.1-10.
[35] Birth Traditions, http://www.turkishculture.org/lifestyles/ceremonies/birth/birthtraditions- 216.htm?type=1
[36] Ayaz S, Yaman ES, "Traditional practices used by infertile women in Turkey". International nursing review, 57, 2010, pp.383-387
[37] Tatar M, Gunalp S, Somuno─ƒlu A, Demirol A, "Women's perceptions of caesarean section: refections from a Turkish teaching hospital", Social Science & Medicine, 50, 2000, pp. 1227-1233.
[38] Turkey Statical Yearbook, 2009, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/yillik/stat_yearbook.pdf
[39] Storksen HT, Eberhard-Grand M, Niegel SG, Eskild A, "Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression". Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica and Scandinavica, 91, 2012, pp. 237-242.