Pig Husbandry and Solid Manures in a Commercial Pig Farm in Beijing, China

Authors: Roxana Mendoza Huaitalla, Eva Gallmann, Kun Zheng, Xuejun Liu, Eberhard Hartung

Abstract:

Porcine production in China represents approximately the 50% of the worldwide pig production. Information about pig husbandry characteristics in China and manure properties from sows to fatteners in intensive pig farms are not broadly available for scientific studies as it is a time consuming, expensive task and highly inaccessible. This study provides a report about solid pig manures (28% dry matter) in a commercial pig farm located in the peri-urban area of Beijing as well as a general overview of the current pig husbandry techniques including pig breeds, feeds, diseases, housing as well as pig manure and wastewater disposal. The main results are intended to serve as a literature source for young scientists in order to understand the main composition of pig manures as well as to identify the husbandry techniques applied in an intensive pig farm in Beijing.

Keywords: China, heavy metals, intensive pig farming, manure, nutrients, pig growing stages.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1075669

References:

[1] A. Case and A. Perris, Schöne Schweine: Portr├ñts ausgezeichneter Rassen, Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2009, pp. 112.
[2] A. L. Sutton, D.W. Nelson, V.B. Mayrose and D.T. Kelly, "Effect of copper levels in swine manure on corn and soil," Environ. Qual. J. vol. 12, pp. 198-203, 1983.
[3] A. ten Have-Mellema, "Pig Welfare", in EU Workshop on Pig Welfare, Brussel, 2009.
[4] A.J.A. Aarnink and M.W.A. Verstegen, "Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production," Livest. Sci. J. vol. 109, pp, 194-203, 2007.
[5] Asia Livestock Technology and Improvement Co. Ltd. (ALTIC). Available: http://altic-direct.com/june2006.html.
[6] B. M. Kamphuis, A. W. Jongbloed, H. van Keulen, X. Cheng and C. Lu, "Agriculture and water in Shunyi District, Beijing. Results of a Rapid Diagnostic Appraisal," Alterra-rapport 950, Wageningen, pp. 102, 2004. Available: http://www2.alterra.wur.nl/Webdocs/PDFFiles/.../AlterraRapport950.pdf
[7] B. Malburg-Graf, "Überprüfung der Nachhaltigkeit landwirtschaftlicher Bodennutzung in der Region Stuttgart mit Hilfe einer Schwermetallbilanz", Forschungsbericht FZKA-BWPLUS, pp. 146, 2002,. Available: http://bwplus.fzk.de/berichte/SBer/PW98202SBer.pdf.
[8] B.J. Chambers, F.A. Nicholson, D.R. Soloman, R.J. Unwin, "Heavy metal loadings from animal manures to agricultural land in England and Wales," in Proc. of the FAO-Network on Recycling Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial Residues in Agriculture RAMIRAN, Rennes, France, 1998, pp. 26.
[9] B.J. Wienhold and P.S. Miller, "Phosphorus Fractionation in Manure from Swine Fed Traditional and Low-Phytate Corn Diets," Environ. Qual. J. vol. 33, pp. 389-393, 2004.
[10] C. Devendra, M. F. Fuller, Pig production in the tropics, UK, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 172.
[11] C.H. Burton and C. Turner, Manure Management: Treatment Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture (second ed.), Silsoe Research Institute, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford, UK, 2003.
[12] C.M.C. van der Peet-Schweringa , A.W. Jongbloedb and A.J.A. Aarnink, "Nitrogen and phosphorus consumption, utilisation and losses in pig production: The Netherlands," Liv. Prod. Sci. J. vol. 58, pp. 213-224, 1999.
[13] E. Van Heugten and T. Van Kempen, "Understanding and applying nutrition concepts to reduce nutrient excretion in swine," North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. pp. 1-15, 2001. Available: http://www.ncsu.edu/project/swine_extension/nutrition/environ/concepts .pdf
[14] E.H. Bartali, F.W. Wheaton, S. Singh, A. Jongebreur and D. Moffitt, CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, Part I Livestock Housing and Environment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI, USA. vol. 2, 1999, pp. 138-160.
[15] E.P. Hilliard and G.R. Pearce, "Limitations of guidelines governing rates of application of pig manure to land," Agr. and Envir. J., vol. 4, pp. 65-75, 1978.
[16] F. Amlinger, M. Pollak and E. Favoino, "Heavy metals and organic compounds from waste used as organic fertilizers. Annex 4 - July 2004. Inorganic and organic pollutants in feedstock materials for composting and animal manures," Available: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/pdf/hm_annex4.pdf.
[17] F. Schuchardt, L. Ren, T. Jiang, Y.Q Zhao, R. Guo, G.X. Li, "Pig manure systems in Germany and. China and the impact on nutrient flow and composting of the solids," in Proc. ORBIT: Biomass and Organic Waste as Sustainable Resources, Int. Conf., Bejing, China, 2009. Available: http://www.orbit-online.net/orbit2009/programme/room_2/432_Schucha rdt.pdf.
[18] F.P. Lekule and N.C. Kyvsgaard, "Improving pig husbandry in tropical resource-poor communities and its potential to reduce risk of porcine cysticercosis," Acta Trop., vol. 87, pp. 111-117, 2003.
[19] Foreign Agricultural Service, (2010, October) USDA, Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade. Available: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/livestock-poultry-ma/livest ock-poultry-ma-04-09-2010.pdf.
[20] G. Taylor, G. Roese and S. Hermesch, "Breeds of pigs-Duroc," Primefacts, n┬░64, 2005.
[21] G. Taylor, G. Roese and S. Hermesch, "Breeds of pigs-Landrace," Primefacts, n┬░63, 2005.
[22] G. Taylor, G. Roese and S. Hermesch, "Breeds of pigs-Large White," Primefacts, n┬░62, 2005.
[23] Guidelines for Sustainable Manure Management in Asian Livestock Production Systems The International Atomic Energy Agency, 2008, pp. 118, Available: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TE_1582_web.pdf.
[24] H. Damgaard Poulsen. Phosphorus, "Utilization and Excretion in Pig Production," Environ. Qual. J., vol.29, pp. 24-27, 2000.
[25] H. Menzi and J. Kessler, "Heavy metal content of manures in Switzerland," in Proc. 8th Int. Conf. FAO ESCORENA Network on Recycling of agricultural, municipal and industrial residues in agriculture RAMIRAN, Rennes, France, 1998, pp. 495-506.
[26] H. Menzi, "Manure management in Europe: results of a recent survey," in: Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Hygiene Safety, RAMIRAN, Strbeské Pleso, High Tatras, Slovak Republic, 2002, pp. 93-102.
[27] H.B. M├©ller, S.G. Sommer and B.K. Ahring, "Separation efficiency and particle size distribution in relation to manure type and storage conditions," Biores. Tech. J., vol. 85, pp. 189-196, 2002.
[28] H.J. Megens, R.P. Crooijmans, M. San Cristobal, X. Hui, N. Li, M.A. Groenen, "Biodiversity of pigs breeds from China and Europe estimated from pooled DNA samples: differences in microsatellite variation between two areas of domestication," Gen. Selec. Evol. J., vol. 40, pp. 103-128, 2008.
[29] I. Strid Eriksson, H. Elmquist, S. Stern and T. Nybrant, "Environmental Systems Analysis of pig production: the impact of feed choice," Int. J. of Life Cycle Asses., vol. 10, pp. 143-154, 2005. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2004.06.160.
[30] J. Albrecht, "Reduction of manure nutrient concentrations," CAMM, Swine Chapter 3b, last edit., 2003. Available: http://www.clemson.edu/extension/livestock/livestock/camm/camm_file s/swine/sch3b_03.pdf.
[31] J. Clemens, "Valuables from Wastewater in 3rd Indo-German Conf. on Research for Sustainability, India, 2010. Available: http://www.dialogue4s.de/_media/Clemens_Valuables_from_Wastewate r.pdf.
[32] J. Tiwari, S. Barrington and X. Zhao, "Effect on manure characteristics of supplementing grower hog ration with clinoptilolite," Microporous and Mesoporous Mat. J., vol. 118, pp. 93-99, 2009.
[33] J. Zhu, "Case study: a Pig farm-s profitability under different environmental and economic scenarios in the North China Plain," M.S. thesis, Dep. of Agr. Eng. Hohenheim Univ., Stuttgart, Germany, 2009.
[34] J. Zhu, Z. Zhang and P. M. Ndegwa, "Using a Soil Hydrometer to Measure the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents in Pig Slurries," Biosys. Eng. J., vol. 85, pp. 121-128, 2003.
[35] J.B. Reeves III, "The present status of "quick tests" for on-farm analysis with emphasis on manures and soil: What is available and what is lacking?," Livest. Sci. J., vol. 112, pp.224-231, 2007.
[36] J.F. Fabiosa, D.H. Hu and C. Fang, A Case Study of China-s Commercial Pork Value Chain. MATRIC Research Paper 05-MRP 11, Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, 2005.
[37] J.S. Van Kessel and J.B. Reeves III, "On-Farm Quick Tests for Estimating Nitrogen in Dairy Manure," Dairy Science J., vol. 83, pp.1837-1844, 2000.
[38] K. J├©rgensen and L.S. Jensen, "Chemical and biochemical variation in animal manure solids separated using different commercial separation," Tech. Biores. Tech. J., vol. 100, pp. 3088-3096, 2009.
[39] K.C. Makris, S. Quazi, P. Punamiya, D. Sarkar and R. Datta, "Fate of Arsenic in Swine Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations," Technical Reports, Waste Manag. J., Environ. Qual., vol. 37, pp. 1626-1633, 2008.
[40] L. Cang, Y. Wang, D. Zhou and Y. Dong, "Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China," Env. Sci. J., vol. 16, n┬░3, pp. 371-374, 2004.
[41] L. Ellis, "A China Environmental Health Project Research Brief. Environmental Health and China-s Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)," 2007.
[42] L. Jiang, C. Wang and Y. Bao-chuan, "Research on actual nutrient concentration of different swine manure," Southw. China J. of Agr. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 1001-4829, 2004.
[43] L. Luo, Y. Ma, S. Zhang, D. Wie and Y. Zhu, "An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China," Environ Manag. J., vol. 90, pp. 2524-2530, 2009.
[44] L. Martínez-Suller, A. Azzellino and G. Provolo, "Analysis of livestock slurries from farms across Northern Italy: relationship between indicators and nutrient content," Biosyst. Eng. J., vol. 99, pp. 540-552, 2008.
[45] L.J. Chen, L. Xing and L.J. Han, "Evaluation of physicochemical models for rapidly estimating pig manure nutrient content," Biosyst. Eng. J., vol. 103, pp. 313-320, 2009.
[46] Lean Swine Feeding Standard. Chinese Standard GB 8471-87.
[47] M.B. Allen, "Managing nitrogen from swine and poultry manure in North Carolina," M.S. thesis, Dep. of Soil Sci. North Carolina State Univ., NC, USA, 2003. Available: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10102003-082155/.../etd.pd f.
[48] M.B. Miller, T.G. Hartsock, B. Erez, L. Douglass and B. Alston-Mills, "Effect of dietary calcium concentrations during gestation and lactation in the sow on milk composition and litter growth," Animal Science J., vol. 72, pp.1315-1319, 1994.
[49] M.R. Garcia Moreno, "Sphagnum moss for swine manure nitrogen conservation," M.S. thesis, Dep. Civil and App. Mech. Eng. McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada, 1993. Available: http://webpages.mcgill.ca/staff/deptshare/FAES/066-Bioresource/Theses /theses/158NGarciaMoreno1993/158NGarciaMoreno1993.pdf.
[50] Manure Production and Characteristics, ASAE Standard D384.2-2005.
[51] N.S. Bolan, D.C. Adriano and S. Mahimairaja, "Distribution and Bioavailability of trace elements in livestock and poultry manure by-products," Critical Reviews in Envir. Sci. and Tech., vol. 34, pp. 291-338, 2004.
[52] P. Gerber, P. Chilonda, G. Franceschini and H. Menzi, "Livestock density and nutrient balances across Asia," in: Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Hygiene Safety, RAMIRAN, Strbeské Pleso, High Tatras, Slovak Republic, 2002.
[53] Q.R. Shen and Z.G. Shen, "Effects of pig manure and wheat straw on growth of mung bean seedlings grown in aluminium toxicity soil," Biores. Tech. J., vol. 76, pp. 235-240, 2001.
[54] R. Moral, M. D. Perez-Murcia, A. Perez-Espinosa, J. Moreno-Caselles, and C. Paredes, "Estimation of nutrient values of pig slurries in southeast Spain using easily determined properties", Waste Manag. J., vol. 25, pp. 719-725, 2005.
[55] Recommended Methods of Manure Analysis, University of Wisconsin System. Available: http://www.learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/A3769.pdf.
[56] S. McOrist and R. Walters. (2009). Native pig breeds of China. Pig Progress. 25(3). pp. 6-7. Available: http://www.pigprogress.net/article-database/native-pig-breeds-of-china-i d933.html.
[57] S. Ogiyama, K. Sakamoto, H. Suzuki, S. Ushio, T. Anzai and K. Inubushi, "Accumulation of Zinc and Copper in an Arable Field after Animal Manure Application," Soil Sci. and Plant Nutr. J., vol. 51, pp.801-808. 2005.
[58] The National Swine Registry. Available: http://www.nationalswine.com.
[59] W. Kördel, M. Herrchen, J. M├╝ller, S. Kratz, J. Fleckenstein, E. Schnug, Saring, J. Thomas, H. Haamann and Reinhold, "Begrenzung von Schadstoffeintr├ñgen bei Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen in der Landwirtschaft bei D├╝ngung und Abfallverwertung," Teil I, 2007. Available: www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3295.pdf.
[60] W. Saeys, A.M. Mouazen and H. Ramon, "Potential for Onsite and Online Analysis of Pig Manure using Visible and Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy," Biosys. Eng. J., vol. 91, pp. 393-402, 2005.
[61] W.G. Pond, D.C. Church and K.R. Pond, Swine. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding, John Wiley and Sons New York, NY, 4th ed., 1995, pp. 469-470.
[62] X.T. Ju, F.S. Zhang, X.M. Bao, V. Römheld and M. Roelcke, "Utilization and management of organic wastes in Chinese agriculture: Past, present and perspectives," Sci. China C. Life Sci. J., vol. 48, pp. 965-979, 2005.
[63] Y. Fu, "Swine Genetic Improvement Program in China," in Eagles Food Workshop, Hangzhou, China, 2006.
[64] Y. Li, W. Li, J. Wu, L. Xu, Q. Su and X. Xiong, "Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces: study in Beijing and Fuxin of China," Environ. Sci. J., vol. 19, pp. 610-615, 2007.