Effect of Nutrient Induced Salinity on Growth, Membrane Permeability, Nitrate Reductase Activity, Proline Content and Macronutrient Concentrations of Tomato Grown in Greenhouse

Authors: Figen Eraslan, Abdel Karim Hassan Awad Elkarim, Aydın Gunes, Ali Inal

Abstract:

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of nutrients induced salinity on the growth, membrane permeability, nitrate reductase activity, proline content and macronutrient concentrations of tomato plants. The plants were subjected to six different treatments: 1 (control) containing basic solution, 2 basic solution+40mM of NaCl, 3 basic solution+40 mM of KNO3, 4 basic solution+20 mM of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 5 basic solution+20 mM of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O and 6 basic solution+20 mM of KNO3+5 mM of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O+5 mM of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O. Membrane permeability was increased significantly only with addition of NaCl, and then decreased to its lower level with addition of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O and Mg(NO3)2.6H2O. Proline accumulation were followed the same trend of results when they had been exposed to NaCl salinity. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was significantly affected by addition of different types of nutrient induced salinity.

Keywords: Membrane Permeability, Nitrate Reductase Activity, Nutrient induced salinity, Proline.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1075473

References:

[1] M. Zekri, L.R. Parsons, "Growth and root hydraulic conductivity of several citrus rootstocks under salt and polyethylene glycol stresses". Physiologia Plant. 77, 99-106, 1989.
[2] A. Cerda, V. Martinez, "Nitrogen fertilization under saline conditions in tomato and cucumber plants". J. Hort. Sci. 63, 451-458, 1988.
[3] D., Savvas, F. Lenz, "Effects of NaCl or nutrient-induced salinity on growth, yield and composition of eggplants grown in rockwool". Sci. Hortic. 84, 37-47, 2000.
[4] R. S. Dhindsa, P. Plumb-Dhindsa, T.A. Thorpe, "Leaf senescence correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase". J. Exp. Bot. 32, 93-101, 1981.
[5] M.A.L. Smith, L.A. Spomer, R.A. Shibli, S.L. Knight, "Effects of NaCl salinity on miniature dwarf tomato micro-tom 2. Shoot and root growth responses, fruit production, and osmotic adjustment". J. Plant Nutr. 15, 2329-2341, 1992.
[6] J.M.S. Scholberg, S.J. Locascio, "Growth response of snap bean and tomato as affected by salinity and irrigation method". Hort. Sci. 34, 259- 264, 1999.
[7] J. D. Rhoades, "Practices to control salinity in irrigated soil. In: Leith, H., Al-Masoom, A. (Ed.), Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants". Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Netherlands, 2: 379-389, 1993.
[8] N. Sultana, T. Ikeda, R. Itoh, "Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains". Environ. Exp. Bot. 42, 211-220, 1999.
[9] P. Hasegawa, R.A. Bressan, J.K. Zhu, H.J. Bohnert, "Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity". Annu. Rew. Plant Mol. Biol. 51: 463-499, 2000.
[10] S.R. Grattan, C.M. Grieve, "Salinity-mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops". Sci. Hortic. 78, 127-157, 1999.
[11] M.C. Shannon, C.M. Grieve, "Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity". Sci. Hortic. 78, 5-38, 1999.
[12] G. R. Cramer, A. Lauchli, E. Epstein, "Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on ion Activities in Complex Nutrient Solutions and Root Growth in Cotton". Plant Physiol. 81, 792-797, 1986.
[13] D. S. Busch, "Calcium regulation in plant cell and its role in signaling". Annu. Rew. Plant Physiol. 46, 95-102, 1995.
[14] H. Marschner, "Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants". London, UK: Academic Press. 1986.
[15] X. Yu, S. Sukumaran, L. Marton, "Differential expression of the Arabidopsis Nia1 and Nia2 genes: cytokinin-induced nitrate reductase activity is correlated with Nia1 transcription and mRNA levels". Plant Physiol. 116, 1091-1096, 1998.
[16] R. L. Warner, C.J. Lin, A. Kleinhofs, "Nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in barley". Nature 269, 406-407, 1977.
[17] A. Kleinhofs, R.L. Warner, "Advances in nitrate assimilation". In: Miflin, B.J., Lea, P.J. (Ed.), The biochemistry of plants. Academic Press San Diego CA, 16:89-120, 1990.
[18] D. Aspinall, L.G. Paleg, "Proline accumulation: physiological aspects. In: Paleg, L.G., Aspinall, D. (Ed.), The Physiology and Biochemistry of Drought Resistance in Plants". Academic Press, Sydney, pp. 205-241, 1981.
[19] W. Claussen, "Growth, water use efficiency, and proline content of hydroponically grown tomato plants as affected by nitrogen source and nutrient concentration". Plant Soil 247, 199-209 2002.
[20] W. Claussen, "Proline as a measure of stress in tomato plants". Plant Science 168, 241-248, 2005.
[21] B. Yan, Q. Dai, X. Liu, S. Huang, Z. Wang, "Flooding-induced membrane damage. Lipid oxidation and activated oxygen generation in corn leaves". Plant Soil 179, 261-268, 1996.
[22] L. Klepper, D. Flesher, R.H. Hageman, "Generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for nitrate reduction in green leaves". Plant Physiol. 20, 580-590, 1971.
[23] W. Troll, J.A. Lindsley, "A method for the determination of proline". J. Biol. Chem. 215, 655-660, 1955.
[24] C. Magn'e, H. Larher, "High sugar content of extracts interferes with colorimetric determination of amino acids and free proline". Analytical Biochem. 200, 115-118, 1992.
[25] J. M. Bremner, “Total nitrogen. In: Black, C.A. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis”. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI, Agronomy, No. 9, Part 2, pp. 1149-1178, 1965.
[26] D. A. Cataldo, M. Haroon, L.E. Schrader, V.L. “Youngs, Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid”. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 6, 71-80, 1975.
[27] J. M. Johnson, A. Ulrich, “Analytical Methods for Use in Plant Analysis. II”. California: Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 1975..
[28] J. Murphy, J.P. Riley, “A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters”. Analytica Chim. Acta 27, 31-36, 1962.
[29] A. Aziz, J. Martin-Tanguy, F. Lather, “Salt stress-induced proline accumulation and changes in tyramine and polyamine levels are linked to ionic adjustment in tomato leaf discs”. Plant Sci. 145, 83-91, 1999.
[30] S. B. Roy, A.K. Bera, “Individual and combined effects of mercury and manganese on phenol and proline content in leaf and stem of mungbean seedlings”. J. Environ. Biol. 23, 433-435, 2002.
[31] A. Inal, C. Tarakcıoğlu, “Effects of Nitrogen Forms on the Growth, Nitrate Accumulation, Membrane Permeability, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Hydroponically Grown Bunch Onion (Allium cepa L. var Radar) under Boron Deficiency and Toxicity”. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24 (10): 1521-1534, 200.
[32] C. Tarakcioglu, A. Inal, “Changes induced by salinity, demarcating specific ion ratio (Na/Cl) and osmolality in ion and proline accumulation, nitrate raductase activity and growth performance of lettuce”. J. Plant Nutr. 25, 27-41, 2002.
[33] C. Kaya, D. Higgs, “Calcium nitrate as a remedy for salt-stressed cucumber Plants”. J. Plant Nutr. 25, 861-871, 2002.
[34] P. Adams, “Some responses of tomatoes grown in NFT to sodium chloride”. Proc. 7. International Congress Soilless Culture, 59-70, 1988.
[35] P. Adams, “Effects of increasing the salinity of the nutrient solution with major nutrients or sodium chloride on the yield, quality and composition of tomatoes grown in rockwool”. J. Hort. Sci. 66, 201-207, 1991.