Cross-Cultural Socio-Economic Status Attainment between Muslim and Santal Couple in Rural Bangladesh

Authors: Md. Emaj Uddin

Abstract:

This study compared socio-economic status attainment between the Muslim and Santal couples in rural Bangladesh. For this we hypothesized that socio-economic status attainment (occupation, education and income) of the Muslim couples was higher than the Santal ones in rural Bangladesh. In order to examine the hypothesis 288 couples (145 couples for Muslim and 143 couples for Santal) selected by cluster random sampling from Kalna village, Bangladesh were individually interviewed with semistructured questionnaire method. The results of Pearson Chi-Squire test suggest that there were significant differences in socio-economic status attainment between the two communities- couples. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients also suggest that there were significant associations between the socio-economic statuses attained by the two communities- couples in rural Bangladesh. Further crosscultural study should conduct on how inter-community relations in rural social structure of Bangladesh influence the differences among the couples- socio-economic status attainment

Keywords: Bangladesh, Couple, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Muslim, Socio-Economic Status Attainment, Santal.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1075058

References:

[1] L. Chunling, Institutional and non-institutional path: Different processes of socio-economic status attainment of migrants and non-migrants. Available at www.sociology.cass.cn/pws.
[2] R. A. Miech et at., Low socio-economic status and mental disorders: A Longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood. Available at www.ssc.wisee.edu/cde/cdewp.
[3] M. Roig & J. Singelmann, The socio-economic selectivity of migrants: A comparative analysis. Iussp2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?
[4] Population Reference Bureau, "Scio-economic status and health disparities in old age", Today-s Research on Aging, issue 11, June, 2008.
[5] P. C. Fan Angela et al., "The association between parental socio-economic status (SES) and medical students- personal and professional development", Annals Academy of Medicine, vol. 36, no.9, pp. 735-742, 2007.
[6] R. Coates, The aspirations and status attainment of Australian children of immigrant parents: Lessons from the U. S. literature. www.tasa.org.au.
[7] A. Bjorklund & M. Jantti, Intergenerational mobility of socio-economic status in comparative perspective. Available at www.samfunnsforskning.no.
[8] R. Kahn, A brief consideration of the role of socio-economic attainment as a demographic factor for research. Available at www.richardkahn.org.
[9] J. Nishimura, Socio-economic status and distress: A comparative analysis in Japan and Korea. Available at www.stanford.edu.
[10] C. G. Colen and C. Knutson, Do rising tides lift all boats equally? Lifetime socio-economic status and health outcomes among Blacks and Whites in the U. S. Available at www.paa.2009.princeton.edu.
[11] Li-Ya Wang et al., "Status attainment in America: The roles of locus of control, and self-esteem in educational and occupational outcomes", Sociological Spectrum, vol. 19, pp. 281-298, 1999.
[12] J. freeze & B. Powell, "Sociobiology, status and parental investment in sons and daughters: testing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1704-1743, 1999.
[13] R. Breen & J. O. Jonsson, "Inequality of opportunity in comparative perspective: Recent research on educational attainment and social mobility", Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 13, pp. 223-243, 2005.
[14] D. E. Adkins & S. Valsey, "Toward a unified stratification theory: Structure, genome, and status across human societies", Sociological Theory, vol. 27, no.2, pp 99-121, 2009.
[15] R. de Castro Ribas Jr. & M. H. Bornstein, "Parental knowledge: Similarities and differences in Brazilian mothers and fathers", International Journal of Psychology, vol. 39, no.1, pp. 5-12, 2005.
[16] P. M. de Graaf & M. Kalmijn, "Trends in the intergenerational transmission of cultural and economic status", ACTA SOCIOLOGICA, VOL. 44, PP. 51-66, 2001.
[17] S. Otsuka, Cultural influences on academic achievement in Fiji. Available at www.aare.edu.au.
[18] G. Marks, The measurement of socio-economic status and social class in the LSAY Project. Technical Paper, No 14. Available at www.acer.edu.au.
[19] Z. Zimmer et al., "How indicators of socio-economic status relate to physical functioning of older adults in three Asian societies", Population Council, Policy Research Division, Working Paper, No. 172, 2003.
[20] R. de Castro Ribas Jr. et al., "Socio-economic status in Brazilian psychological research : 2. Socio-economic status and parenting knowledge", Estudos de Psicologia, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 385-392, 2003.
[21] H. Takenoshita, The economic incorporation of Brazilian migrants in comparative perspective: A comparative study of Brazilian labor maket outcome in Japan and United States. The paper presented at the conference of the International Sociological Association held at Stanford University, Stanford, California, the United States, 6-9 August 2008.
[22] R. A. Miech & R. M. Hauser, Socioeconomic status (SES) and health at midlife: A comparison of educational attainment with occupation-based indicators. June 2000. Available at www.ssc.wise.edu.
[23] K. Rubenson, R. Desjardins & Ee-Seul Yoon, Adult learning in Canada: A comparative perspective. October 2007. www.statcan.gc.ca.
[24] par B. Weimer, Socio-economic transformation in South Africa: A comparative perspective. No. 34, 1992. Available at www.cean.sciencepobordeaux.fr.
[25] V. T. Covello & K. A. Bollen, "Status consistency in comparative perspective: An examination of educational, occupational, and income data in nine societies", Social Forces, vol. 58, no., pp. 528-539, 1979.
[26] F. L. Rivera-Batiz, The socioeconomic status of Hispanic New Yorkers: Current trends and future prospects. January 24, 2002. Available at www.pewhispanic.org.
[27] J. Thomas & C. Stockton, Socioeconomic status, race, gender and retention: Impacts on student achievement. Available at www.usca.edu.
[28] H. Kaur & A. Kalaramna, "Study of interrelationship between home environment, social intelligence and socioeconomic status among males and females", Journal of Human Ecology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 137.140, 2004.
[29] B. Nolan, "A comparative perspective on trends in income inequality in Ireland", The Economic and Social Review, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 329-350, 2000.
[30] H. B. G. Ganzeboom, D. J. Treiman & W. C. Ultee, "Comparative intergenerational stratification research: Three generations and beyond", Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 17, pp. 277.302, 1991.
[31] J. R. Eshleman & B. G. Cashion, Sociology: An Introduction, 2nd Ed.. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1985.
[32] World Bank, Bangladesh: A Proposal for Rural Development Strategy. Dhaka: The University Press Limited, 2000.
[33] K. A. Toufique & C. Turton, Hands not land- how livelihoods are changing in rural Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 2002.
[34] M. Afsaruddin, Society and Culture in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Book House, 1990.
[35] E. A. Jansen, Rural Bangladesh: Competition for Scarce Resources. Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1999.
[36] M. A. Hossain, "A study on minority influence in the context majorityminority inter-group relations in Bangladesh", Ph. D. Dissertation, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Unpublished.
[37] M. M. N. Liza, A study in social identity as a function of cross-category membership in certain ethnic groups in Bangladesh", Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi,.
[38] M. E. Uddin, "Family structure in a village of Bangladesh: A crosscultural study", Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, the Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi: Rajshahi University, 2006.
[39] A. Ali, The Santals of Bangladesh. Calcutta: The Sabuge Sangah Press, 1998.
[40] S. Kayes, Cultural change of Santal community of Rajshahi district: An anthropological study", Unpublished M. Phil Dissertation, The Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi: University of Rajshahi, 1995.
[41] M. M. K. Akand, Cultural adaptation of the ethnic migrants to an urban setting: An anthropological study of Rajshahi city In Bangladesh", Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi.
[42] S. Sultana, Kin Relation of the Santal Community and Its Recent Changes: A Study of Four Villages of the Naogaon District. Unpublished M. Phil Dissertation, University of Rajshahi.
[43] M. E. Uddin, "Family communication patterns between Muslim and Santal communities in rural Bangladesh: A cross-cultural perspective", International Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 207-219, 2008.
[44] M. E. Uddin, "Cross-cultural comparison of marriage relationship between Muslim and Santal communities in rural Bangladesh", World Cultures eJournal, vol. 17, no. 1, 2009.
[45] M. E. Uddin, "Socio-demographic status and arrack drinking patterns among Muslim, Hindu, Santal, and Oraon communities in Rasulpur Union, Bangladesh: A cross-cultural perspective", International Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 148-155-424, 2008.
[46] R. M. Hauser et al.(ed.), Social Structure and Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
[47] S. A. Mazzoni, L. B. Gambrell, & Riita-Liisa Korkeamaki, "A Cross- Cultural Perspective of Early Literacy Motivation", Reading Psychology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 237-253, 1999.
[48] A. B. Nsamenang, Cultures in early childhood care and education. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2007 UNESCO.
[49] M. A. Rahman, "Socio-economic problems of the Santal students studying in Rajshahi town", In M. S. Qureshi (ed.): Tribal Cultures in Bangladesh Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1984.
[50] M. A. Sattar, "A comparison of age-sex patterns of participation in economic activities in tribal and non-tribal communities in Bangladesh", In M. S. Qureshi (ed.): Tribal Cultures in Bangladesh. Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1984.
[51] P. Peek, "The education and employment of children: a comparative study of San Salvador and Khartown", In G. Standing and G. Sheehan, (ed.): Labor Force Participation in Low Income Countries. Geneva: International Labor Office, pp. 177-190, 1979.
[52] E. Field & A. Ambrus, Early marriage and female schooling in Bangladesh. Retrieved from.: http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/2610.
[53] M. N. Shafiq, "Household schooling and child labor decisions in rural Bangladesh", Social Science Research Network, April, 2007.
[54] A. R. Siddiquee, "Ethnicity and intelligence: a cross-cultural study", In M. S. Qureshi (ed.): Tribal Cultures in Bangladesh. Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1984.
[55] R. Khanam (2004), Child labor in Bangladesh: determinants and effects. Retrieved from editorialexpress.com/cgibin/ conference/download.cgi?db.
[56] R. Khanam (2006) Impact of child labor on school attendance and school attainment: evidence from Bangladesh.. Available www.soc.nii.ac.jp.
[57] E. Mendelievich, Children at Work. Geneva: International Labor Office, 2nd Impression, 1979.
[58] S. Alam, N. I. Mondal,& M. Rahman, "Child labor due to poverty: A study on Dinajpur district, Bangladesh", The Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 388-391, 2008.
[59] W. H. Goodenough, "Ethnographic field techniques", in Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Methodology, H. C. Triandis and J. W. Berry, Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1980, pp. 45-48, vol. 12.
[60] R. W. Brislin, "Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials", in Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Methodology, H. C. Triandis and J. W. Berry, Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1980, pp. 408-410, vol. 12,
[61] U. Pareek & T. V. Rao, "Cross-cultural surveys and interviewing", in Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Methodology, H. C. Triandis and J. W. Berry, Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1980, p. 153, vol. 12.