Side Effects of Dental Tooth Whitening: Data from Literature
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 33090
Side Effects of Dental Tooth Whitening: Data from Literature

Authors: Saimir Heta, Ilma Robo, Emela Dalloshi, Nevila Alliu, Vera Ostreni

Abstract:

The dental whitening process, beyond the fact that it is a mini-invasive dental treatment, has effects on the dental structure or on the pulp of the tooth where it is applied. The electronic search was performed using keywords to find articles published within the last 10 years about side effects, assessed as such, of the minimally invasive dental bleaching treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the side effects of bleaching based on the percentage and type of solution used, where the latter was evaluated on the basic solution used for bleaching. The side effects of bleaching are evaluated in selected articles depending on the method of bleaching application, which means it is carried out with recommended solutions, or with mixtures of alternative solutions or substances based on Internet information. The dental bleaching process has side effects which have not yet been definitively evaluated, experimentally in large samples of individuals or animals (mice or cattle) to arrive at accurate numerical conclusions. The trend of publications about this topic is increasing in recent years, as long as the trend for aesthetic facial treatments, including dental ones, is increasing.

Keywords: Teeth whitening, side effects, permanent teeth, formed dental apex.

Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 6

References:


[1] Teughels W, Quirynen M, Jakubowics N. Periodontal microbiology. In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, editors. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology. 11 th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Publication; 2012.
[2] Lima SNL, Ribeiro IS, Grisotto MA, Fernandes ES, Hass V, de Jesus Tavarez RR, Pinto SCS, Lima DM, Loguercio AD, Bandeca MC.; “Evaluation of several clinical parameters after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations: A randomized clinical trial.”; J Dent. 2018 Jan;68:91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.008. Epub 2017 Nov 21.
[3] Krasniqi TP, Lila-Krasniqi Z, Ajeti N, Shala K, Bicaj T, Dula L.; “Differences of Tooth Colorimetric Parameters L*a*b* Depended on Age.”; Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017 Oct 7;5(6):777-780. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.155. eCollection 2017 Oct 15.
[4] Shaista Afroz, Shraddha Rathi, Geeta Rajput, Sajjad Abdur Rahman;” Dental Esthetics and Its Impact on Psycho-Social Well-Being and Dental Self Confidence: A Campus Based Survey of North Indian University Students”; J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2013 Dec; 13(4): 455–460. doi: 10.1007/s13191-012-0247-1.
[5] Jha N, Ryu JJ, Choi EH, Kaushik NK.; “Generation and Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induced by Plasma, Lasers, Chemical Agents, and Other Systems in Dentistry.”; Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:7542540. doi: 10.1155/2017/7542540. Epub 2017 Oct 24.
[6] Duangthip D, Fung MHT, Wong MCM, Chu CH, Lo ECM.; “Adverse Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment among Preschool Children.”; J Dent Res. 2018 Apr;97(4):395-401. doi: 10.1177/0022034517746678. Epub 2017 Dec 13.
[7] Gul P, Harorlı OT, Ocal IB, Ergin Z, Barutcigil C.; “Color recovery effect of different bleaching systems on a discolored composite resin.”; Niger J Clin Pract. 2017 Oct;20(10):1226-1232. doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_385_16.
[8] Westland S, Luo W, Li Y, Pan Q, Joiner A.; “Investigation of the perceptual thresholds of tooth whiteness.”; J Dent. 2017 Dec;67S:S11-S14. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.09.013.
[9] McMorrow SM, Millett DT.; “Adult orthodontics in the Republic of Ireland: specialist orthodontists' opinions.”; J Orthod. 2017 Dec;44(4):277-286. doi: 10.1080/14653125.2017.1403144. Epub 2017 Nov 24.
[10] Alencar CM, Pedrinha VF, Araújo JLN, Esteves RA, Silva da Silveira AD, Silva CM.; “Effect of 10% Strontium Chloride and 5% Potassium Nitrate with Fluoride on Bleached Bovine Enamel.”;Open Dent J. 2017 Aug 31;11:476-484. doi: 10.2174/1874210601711010476. eCollection 2017.
[11] Guo YR, Yang X, Feng XW, Sa Y, Wang M, Li P, Jiang T.; “New Insights into Effects of Aromatic Amino Acids on Hydroxyapatite.”; J Dent Res. 2018 Apr;97(4):402-408. doi: 10.1177/0022034517741274. Epub 2017 Nov 12.
[12] Manisha Behl, Arun K Patnana, Vikram Khanna, Kirti Chaudhry; “Evaluation of Three Different Bleaching Agents in Permanent and Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study”; Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. Mar-Apr 2020;13(2):130-135.doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1721.
[13] Gomes YSL, Alexandrino LD, Alencar CM, Alves EB, Faial KC, Silva CM.; “In situ Effect of Nanohydroxyapatite Paste in Enamel Teeth Bleaching.”; J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017 Nov 1;18(11):996-1003.
[14] Asnaashari M, Ashraf H, Daghayeghi AH, Mojahedi SM, Azari-Marhabi S.; “Management of Post Endodontic Retreatment Pain with Low Level Laser Therapy.”; J Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Summer;8(3):128-131. doi: 10.15171/jlms.2017.23. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
[15] de Baat C, Zweers PGMA, van Loveren C, Vissink A.; “Medicaments and oral healthcare 5. Adverse effects of -medications and over-the-counter drugs on teeth.”; Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2017 Oct;124(10):485-491. doi: 10.5177/ntvt.2017.10.17142.
[16] Wongpraparatana I, Matangkasombut O, Thanyasrisung P, Panich M.; “Effect of Vital Tooth Bleaching on Surface Roughness and Streptococcal Biofilm Formation on Direct Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials.”; Oper Dent. 2018 Jan/Feb;43(1):51-59. doi: 10.2341/16-366-L. Epub 2017 Oct 4.
[17] Priscila Christiane Suzy Liporoni, Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar, Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta, Glaucia Maria Ambrosano, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, Bennett T AmaechiI; “Influence of Erosion/Abrasion and the Dentifrice Abrasiveness Concomitant with Bleaching Procedures”; Clin Cosmet Investig Dent; 2020 Apr 1;12:101-109. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S234716. eCollection 2020.
[18] de Geus JL, Wambier LM, Boing TF, Loguercio AD, Reis A.; “At -home Bleaching With 10% vs More Concentrated Carbamide Peroxide Gels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.”; Oper Dent. 2018 Jul/Aug;43(4):E210-E222. doi: 10.2341/17-222-L.
[19] Vargas-Koudriavtsev T, Durán-Sedó R, Herrera-Sancho ÓA; “Titanium dioxide in dental enamel as a trace element and its variation with bleaching”; J Clin Exp Dent. 2018 Jun 1;10(6):e537-e541. doi: 10.4317/jced.54478. eCollection 2018 Jun.
[20] Rodrigues JL, Rocha PS, Pardim SLS, Machado ACV, Faria-E-Silva AL, Seraidarian PI: “Association Between In-Office and At-Home Tooth Bleaching: A Single Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.”; Braz Dent J. 2018 Mar-Apr;29(2):133-139. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440201801726.
[21] Ergin E, RuyaYazici A, Kalender B, Usumez A, Ertan A, Gorucu J, Sari T.: “In vitro comparison of an Er:YAG laser-activated bleaching system with different light-activated bleaching systems for color change, surface roughness, and enamel bond strength.”: Lasers Med Sci. 2018 Jun 2. doi: 10.1007/s10103-018-2555-0. Epub ahead of print.
[22] Chemin K, Rezende M, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz S.; “Effectiveness of and Dental Sensitivity to At-home Bleaching With 4% and 10% Hydrogen Peroxide: A Randomized, Triple-blind Clinical Trial.”; Oper Dent. 2018 May/Jun;43(3):232-240. doi: 10.2341/16-260-C.
[23] Coppla FM, Rezende M, de Paula E, Farago PV, Loguercio AD, Kossatz S, Reis A.; “Combination of Acetaminophen/Codeine Analgesics Does Not Avoid Bleaching-Induced Tooth Sensitivity: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Two-Center Clinical Trial.”; Oper Dent. 2018 Mar/Apr;43(2):E53-E63. doi: 10.2341/17-092-C.
[24] López Darriba I, Novoa L, de la Peña VA.; “Efficacy of different protocols for at-home bleaching: A randomized clinical trial.”; Am J Dent. 2017 Dec;30(6):329-334.
[25] Shahabi S, Assadian H, Mahmoudi Nahavandi A, Nokhbatolfoghahaei H.; “Comparison of Tooth Color Change After Bleaching with Conventional and Different Light-Activated Methods.”; J Lasers Med Sci. 2018 Winter;9(1):27-31. doi: 10.15171/jlms.2018.07. Epub 2017 Dec 26.
[26] Rahul M, Kumar PA, Nair AS, Mathew S, Amaladas AS, Ommen A.; “Effects of at-home and in-office bleaching agents on the shear bond strength of metal, ceramic, and composite brackets to enamel.”; Indian J Dent Res. 2017 Sep-Oct;28(5):566-573. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_13_17.
[27] Vahid Esfahanian, Mehrnaz Sadighi Shamami, Mehrnoosh Sadighi Shamami; “Relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease: Review of the literature”; J Dent (Terhan); 2012 Autumn: 9(4): 256-264.
[28] Iska D, Devanna R, Singh M, Chitumalla R, Balasubramanian SCB, Goutam M.; “In vitro Assessment of Influence of Various Bleaching Protocols on the Strength of Ceramic Orthodontic Brackets bonded to Bleached Tooth Surface: A Comparative Study”; J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017 Dec 1;18(12):1181-1184.
[29] Nie J, Tian FC, Wang ZH, Yap AU, Wang XY.; “Comparison of efficacy and outcome satisfaction between in-office and home teeth bleaching in Chinese patients.”; J Oral Sci. 2017 Dec 27;59(4):527-532. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0636. Epub 2017 Nov 17.
[30] Kaewpinta A, Khongkhunthian S, Chaijareenont P, Okonogi S.; “Tooth whitening efficacy of pigmented rice gels containing carbamide peroxide.”; Drug DiscovTher. 2018;12(3):126-132. doi: 10.5582/ddt.2018.01023.
[31] Bersezio C, Martín J, Angel P, Bottner J, Godoy I, Avalos F, Fernández E.; “Teeth whitening with 6% hydrogen peroxide and its impact on quality of life: 2 years of follow-up.”; 2018 Jun 30. doi: 10.1007/s10266-018-0372-3. Epub ahead of print.
[32] AlSheikh R, El-Embaby AE; “Spectrophotometric Comparison of Effectiveness of Two In-office Bleaching Agents with/without Light Activation: A Clinical Study.”; J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 Jun 1;19(6):637-641.
[33] Angel P, Bersezio C, Estay J, Werner A, Retamal H, Araya C, Martin J, Fernández E.; “Color stability, psychosocial impact, and effect on self-perception of esthetics of toothwhitening using low-concentration (6%) hydrogen peroxide.”; Quintessence Int. 2018;49(7):557-566. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.a40468.
[34] Nahsan FPS, Reis MJO, Francisconi-Dos-Rios LF, Leão LV, ParanhosLR.; “Effectiveness of whitening mouthwashes on tooth color: an in vitro study.Gen Dent. 2018 Mar-Apr;66(2):e7-e10.
[35] Wang S, Cathro P, Heithersay G, Briggs N, Ratnayake J, Zilm P.; “A colourimetric evaluation of the effect of bacterial contamination on teeth stained with blood in vitro: Evaluation of the efficacy of two different bleaching regimes.”; Aust Dent J. 2018 Jun;63(2):253-260. doi: 10.1111/adj.12604. Epub 2018 Apr 16.
[36] Vejai Vekaash CJ, Kumar Reddy TV, Venkatesh KV.; “Effect of vital bleaching with solutions containing different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and pineapple extract as an additive on human enamel using reflectance spectrophotometer: An in vitro study.”; J Conserv Dent. 2017 Sep-Oct;20(5):337-340. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_197_17.
[37] Menezes RP, Silva PD, Leal PC, Faria-E-Silva AL.; “Impact of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide on Color and Translucency Changes in Enamel and Dentin.”; Braz Dent J. 2018 Jan-Feb;29(1):88-92. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440201801553.
[38] Al-Omiri MK, Abul Hassan RS, AlZarea BK, Lynch E.; “Comparison of dental bleaching effects of ozone and hydrogen peroxide: An ex vivo study.”; Am J Dent. 2016 Oct;29(5):251-254.
[39] Bizhang M, Domin J, Danesh G, Zimmer S.; “Effectiveness of a new non-hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent after single use - a double-blind placebo-controlled short-term study.”; J Appl Oral Sci. 2017 Sep-Oct;25(5):575-584. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0463.
[40] de Souza Rastelli AN, Dias HB, Carrera ET, de Barros ACP, Dos Santos DDL, Panhóca VH, Bagnato VS; “Violet LED associated to low concentration carbamide peroxide on the dental bleaching: A case report.”; Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018 Jun 28. pii: S1572-1000(17)30499-4. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.021.
[41] Vieira-Junior WF, Ferraz LN, Giorgi M, Ambrosano G, Aguiar F, Lima D.; “Effect of Mouth Rinse Treatments on Bleached Enamel Properties, Surface Morphology, and Tooth Color.”; Oper Dent. 2018 Jun 28. doi: 10.2341/17-250-L. Epub ahead of print.
[42] https://thewhytehouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IMG_0293.jpg
[43] Umar, Ibrahim Abdullahi and Hakan Kamalak. “Bleaching Discolored Devital Teeth with Using of New Agents.” IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13 (2014): 79-82.
[44] https://www.dentvitalis.com/images/izbjeljivanje-zuba.jpg
[45] https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springerstatic/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41894-018-00219/MediaObjects/41894_2018_21_Fig5_HTML.jpg
[46] https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/home-bleaching-home-tooth-whitening
[47] https://d3b3by4navws1f.cloudfront.net/shutterstock_119225470.jpg
[48] Epple M, Meyer F, Enax J. A Critical Review of Modern Concepts for Teeth Whitening. Dent J (Basel). 2019 Aug 1;7(3):79. doi: 10.3390/dj7030079. PMID: 31374877; PMCID: PMC6784469.
[49] Madeswaran S, Jayachandran S. Sodium bicarbonate: A review and its uses in dentistry. Indian J Dent Res. 2018 Sep-Oct;29(5):672-677. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_30_17. PMID: 30409952.
[50] Eachempati P, Kumbargere Nagraj S, Kiran Kumar Krishanappa S, Gupta P, Yaylali IE. Home-based chemically-induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 18;12(12):CD006202. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006202.pub2. PMID: 30562408; PMCID: PMC6517292.
[51] Lilaj B, Dauti R, Agis H, Schmid-Schwap M, Franz A, Kanz F, Moritz A, Schedle A, Cvikl B. Comparison of Bleaching Products with up to 6% and with More Than 6% Hydrogen Peroxide: Whitening Efficacy Using BI and WI D and Side Effects - An in vitro Study. Front Physiol. 2019 Aug 21;10:919. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00919. PMID: 31543822; PMCID: PMC6728628.
[52] De Moor RJ, Verheyen J, Verheyen P, Diachuk A, Meire MA, De Coster PJ, De Bruyne M, Keulemans F. Laser teeth bleaching: evaluation of eventual side effects on enamel and the pulp and the efficiency in vitro and in vivo. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015:835405. doi: 10.1155/2015/835405. Epub 2015 Mar 22. PMID: 25874258; PMCID: PMC4385673.
[53] Chen C, Huang X, Zhu W, Ding C, Huang P, Li R. TRPA1 triggers hyperalgesia and inflammation after tooth bleaching. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 31;11(1):17418. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97040-w. PMID: 34465829; PMCID: PMC8408176.
[54] Mazilu A, Popescu V, Sarosi C, Dumitrescu RS, Chisnoiu AM, Moldovan M, Dumitrescu LS, Prodan D, Carpa R, Gheorghe GF, Chisnoiu RM. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Gels Based on Bromelain, Whey and Quince Extract. Gels. 2021 Oct 30;7(4):191. doi: 10.3390/gels7040191. PMID: 34842665; PMCID: PMC8628677.
[55] Fiorillo L, Laino L, De Stefano R, D'Amico C, Bocchieri S, Amoroso G, Isola G, Cervino G. Dental Whitening Gels: Strengths and Weaknesses of an Increasingly Used Method. Gels. 2019 Jul 4;5(3):35 doi: 10.3390/gels5030035. PMID: 31277412; PMCID: PMC6787621.
[56] Furukawa M, Wang J, Kurosawa M, Ogiso N, Shikama Y, Kanekura T, Matsushita K. Effect of green propolis extracts on experimental aged gingival irritation in vivo and in vitro. J Oral Biosci. 2021 Mar;63(1):58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2020.12.003. Epub 2021 Jan 21. PMID: 33484883.
[57] De Miranda MSF, Eltom AE, Souza Camargo S, Rocha GM, Reis Perez CD. Effect of different home-bleaching techniques for a regular or an extended time on enamel properties. Indian J Dent Res. 2020 Nov-Dec;31(6):924-929. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_791_19. PMID: 33753666.
[58] Monteiro J, Ashley PF, Parekh S. Vital bleaching for children with dental anomalies: EAPD members' survey. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2020 Oct;21(5):565-571. doi: 10.1007/s40368-019-00494-w. Epub 2019 Nov 29. PMID: 31784871; PMCID: PMC7518994.
[59] Orilisi G, Tosco V, Monterubbianesi R, Notarstefano V, Özcan M, Putignano A, Orsini G. ATR-FTIR, EDS and SEM evaluations of enamel structure after treatment with hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite particles. PeerJ. 2021 Jan 29;9:e10606. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10606. PMID: 33575125; PMCID: PMC7849511.
[60] Chen C, Huang X, Zhu W, Ding C, Huang P, Li R. H2O2 gel bleaching induces cytotoxicity and pain conduction in dental pulp stem cells via intracellular reactive oxygen species on enamel/dentin disc. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 10;16(9):e0257221. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257221. PMID: 34506603; PMCID: PMC8432789.
[61] Gallinari MO, Cintra LTÂ, Benetti F, Rahal V, Ervolino E, Briso ALF. Pulp response of rats submitted to bleaching and the use of different anti-inflammatory drugs. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 8;14(1):e0210338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210338. PMID: 30620760; PMCID: PMC6324791.
[62] Li Y, Shi X, Li W. Zinc-Containing Hydroxyapatite Enhances Cold-Light-Activated Tooth Bleaching Treatment In Vitro. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:6261248. doi: 10.1155/2017/6261248. Epub 2017 Oct 12. PMID: 29159178; PMCID: PMC5660759.
[63] Roderjan DA, Stanislawczuk R, Hebling J, Costa CA, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Response of human pulps to different in-office bleaching techniques: preliminary findings. Braz Dent J. 2015 May-Jun;26(3):242-8. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440201302282. PMID: 26200147.
[64] Akbari M, Nejat AH, Farkhondeh N, Mehraban Moghadam S, Hashemy SI, Mohammadipour HS. Does at-home bleaching induce systemic oxidative stress in healthy subjects? Aust Dent J. 2017 Mar;62(1):58-64. doi: 10.1111/adj.12425. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 27091347.
[65] Omar F, Ab-Ghani Z, Rahman NA, Halim MS. Nonprescription Bleaching versus Home Bleaching with Professional Prescriptions: Which One is Safer? A Comprehensive Review of Color Changes and Their Side Effects on Human Enamel. Eur J Dent. 2019 Oct;13(4):589-598. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1700659. Epub 2019 Dec 31. PMID: 31891975; PMCID: PMC6938424.
[66] Diklić D, Sever EK, Galić N, Spajić J, Prskalo K. Attitudes of Students of Differenet Schools of University of Zagreb on Tooth Bleaching. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2016 Dec;50(4):301-309. doi: 10.15644/asc50/4/3. PMID: 28275277; PMCID: PMC5328645.
[67] Alaghehmand H, Esmaeili B, Sheibani SA. Effect of fluoride-free and fluoridated carbamide peroxide gels on the hardness and surface roughness of aesthetic restorative materials. Indian J Dent Res. 2013 Jul-Aug;24(4):478-83. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.118397. PMID: 24047842.
[68] Celik EU, Yazkan B, Yildiz G, Tunac AT. Clinical performance of a combined approach for the esthetic management of fluorosed teeth: Three-year results. Niger J Clin Pract. 2017 Aug;20(8):943-951. doi: 10.4103/1119-3077.180066. PMID: 28891537.
[69] Asnaashari M, Ashraf H, Daghayeghi AH, Mojahedi SM, Azari-Marhabi S. Management of Post Endodontic Retreatment Pain With Low Level Laser Therapy. J Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Summer;8(3):128-131. doi: 10.15171/jlms.2017.23. Epub 2017 Jun 27. PMID: 29123632; PMCID: PMC5662501.
[70] Altshuler G, Belikov A, Skrypnik A, Feldchtein F, Pushkareva A, Shatilova K, Cernavin I, Tuchin V. Peroxide dental bleaching via laser microchannels and tooth color measurements. J Biomed Opt. 2016 Dec 1;21(12):125001. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.21.12.125001. PMID: 27926747.
[71] Mazilu Moldovan A, Popescu V, Ionescu CV, Cuc S, Craciun A, Moldovan M, Dudea D, Mesaros AS. Various Aspects Involved in the Study of Tooth Bleaching Procedure: A Questionnaire-Based Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 27;19(7):3977. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19073977. PMID: 35409660; PMCID: PMC8997818.
[72] Oldoini G, Bruno A, Genovesi AM, Parisi L. Effects of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Administration on Dental Sensitivity during In-Office and At-Home Interventions. Dent J (Basel). 2018 Oct 1;6(4):52. doi: 10.3390/dj6040052. PMID: 30275415; PMCID: PMC6313672.
[73] Llena C, Collado-González M, García-Bernal D, Oñate-Sánchez RE, Martínez CM, Moraleda JM, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Forner L. Comparison of diffusion, cytotoxicity and tissue inflammatory reactions of four commercial bleaching products against human dental pulp stem cells. Sci Rep. 2019 May 23;9(1):7743. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44223-1. PMID: 31123303; PMCID: PMC6533274.
[74] Babot-Marquillas C, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Amigo JM, Yousef I, H Valido I, Boada R, Valiente M. Tooth whitening effects on dental enamel, oxidation or reduction? Comparison of physicochemical alterations in bovine enamel using Synchrotron-based Micro-FTIR. Dent Mater. 2022 Apr;38(4):670-679. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.006. Epub 2022 Mar 5. PMID: 35256209.
[75] Soares DG, Sacono NT, Ribeiro APD, Leite ML, Duque CCO, Gallinari MO, Pacheco LE, Hebling J, Costa CAS. Pro-inflammatory mediators expression by pulp cells following tooth whitening on restored enamel surface. Braz Dent J. 2022 Mar-Apr;33(2):83-90. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440202204688. PMID: 35508040.
[76] Abdelkader NN. Modified Technique for Nonvital Tooth Bleaching: A Case Report. Electron Physician. 2015 Oct 19;7(6):1423-6. doi: 10.14661/1423. PMID: 26516453; PMCID: PMC4623806.
[77] Calderini A, Sciara S, Semeria C, Pantaleo G, Polizzi E. Comparative clinical and psychosocial benefits of tooth bleaching: different light activation of a 38% peroxide gel in a preliminary case-control study. Clin Case Rep. 2016 Jun 21;4(8):728-35. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.605. PMID: 27525071; PMCID: PMC4974415.