Fairness in Tech-Driven Assessment: Strategies to Safeguard Academic Integrity and Security in Virtual Environment
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 33085
Fairness in Tech-Driven Assessment: Strategies to Safeguard Academic Integrity and Security in Virtual Environment

Authors: B. Ferdousi, J. Bari

Abstract:

Advanced technology can provide vital tools to promote authentic, meaningful, and efficient assessments that measure students' achievement of learning objectives in higher education. However, it also brings several challenges in the learning process. This literature review-based paper describes the challenges in ensuring academic integrity and cybersecurity when students' knowledge and performance are assessed in a digital environment. The paper also reviews the strategies that can be implemented to address these challenges. Using students' authentication and authorship verification of their classwork, designing and developing e-assessments, technology accessibility and instructor training are probable solutions to address these challenges. Given the increasing adoption of digital technology in assessing students' effective learning achievement, this paper will help enhance knowledge and in-depth understanding of measures needed in using technology in academic assessment.

Keywords: Fairness, cybersecurity, e-authentication, academic integrity, e-assessment.

Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 70

References:


[1] P. K. Rajasekharan and V. A. Prakash, “Technological leverage in higher education: an evolving pedagogy,” Journal of International Education in Business, 10(2). pp. 130-146, 2017. © Emerald Publishing Limited. 2046-469X. DOI 10.1108/JIEB-09-2016-0034.
[2] V.J., Shute, J.P., Leighton, Jang, and M.W. Chu, “Advances in the science of assessment,” Educational Assessment, vol 21, no 1. pp. 34 -59. 2016.
[3] T. Massinga, N. Schwinningb, M., Strieweb, C., Hancka, and M. Goedickeb, “E-Assessment using variable-content exercises in mathematical statistics,” Journal of Statistics Education, vol 26 no 3, pp.174–189, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2018.1518121
[4] W.J.A.J., Hendriks, N., Bakker, and H. Pluk, “Certainty-based marking in a formative assessment improves student course appreciation but not summative examination scores,” BMC Med Educ, vol 19, no 178, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1610-2
[5] S. S. Huda, Md. Kabir, and T. Siddiq, “E-Assessment in higher education: Students’ perspective,” International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), vol 16 no 2, pp. 250-258, 2020.
[6] M.M. Neumann, J. L. Anthony, N.A. Erazo, and D.L. Neumann, “Assessment and technology: Mapping future directions in the early childhood classroom,” Front. Educ., vol 4, no 116, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2019.00116
[7] H. J. Nieminen and L. Tuohilampi, “‘Finally studying for myself’ – examining student agency in summative and formative self-assessment models,” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, vol 45, no 7, pp. 1031-1045, 2020. DOI:10.1080/02602938.2020.1720595
[8] M.A., Khan, V., Vivek, M., Khojah, M.K., Nabi, M., Paul, and S.M. Minhaj, “Learners’ perspective towards e-exams during COVID-19 outbreak: Evidence from higher educational institutions of India and Saudi Arabia,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol 18, 6534, 2021. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126534
[9] N. J. Bacquet, “Implications of Summative and Formative Assessment in Japan - A Review of the Current Literature,” International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 2020. ISSN: 2202-9478. www.ijels.aiac.org.au
[10] V. Heyde, and A. Siebrits, “Higher-order e-assessment for physics in the digital age using Sakai,” The Physics Teacher, vol 57, pp. 32–34, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.5084925
[11] M. Mimirinis, “Qualitative differences in academics’ conceptions of e-assessment,” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, vol 44, no 2, pp. 233-248, 2019. DOI:10.1080/02602938.2018.1493087
[12] J. Clarke-Midura and C. Dede, “Assessment, technology, and change,” Journal of Research on Technology in Education (JRTE), vol 42, no 3, pp. 309–328, 2010. | ©2010 ISTE | www.iste.org/jrte
[13] M. Koomen and N. Zoanetti, “Strategic Planning Tools for Large-Scale Technology-Based Assessments,” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, vol. 25, no. 2, Pp. 200-223, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2016.1173013
[14] M., Masita and N. Fitri, “The use of Plickers for formative assessment of vocabular mastery,” Ethical Lingua Journal of Language Teaching and Literature, vol 7, no 2, pp. 311–320, 2020.
[15] B. William, “Developing a strategy for using technology-enhanced items in large-scale standardized tests,” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, vol 22, no 1. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/70yb-dj34
[16] S. Senel, and C. H. Senel, “Remote assessment in higher education during COVID-19 pandemic,” International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, vol 8, no 2. pp. 181-199. 2021.
[17] Y., Chaiyo, and R. Nokham, (2017). The effect of Kahoot, Quizizz and Google Forms on the student’s perception in the classrooms response system. 2nd Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology 2017: Digital Economy for Sustainable Growth, ICDAMT 2017, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAMT.2017.79 04957
[18] T., de Langea, A., Møystadb, and G. Torgersen, “How can video-based assignments integrate practical and conceptual knowledge in summative assessment? Student experiences from a longitudinal experiment,” British Educational Research Journal, vol 46, no 6, pp. 1279–1299, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/berj.3632
[19] M., Murray, J., Pérez, D., Geist, and A. Hedrick, “Student interaction with online course content: Build it and they might come,” Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, vol 11, no 1, pp. 125-140. 2012. https://doi.org/10.28945/1592
[20] S. Timmis, P. Broadfoot, R. Sutherland, and A. Oldfield, “Rethinking assessment in a digital age: Opportunities, challenges and risks,” British Educational Research Journal, vol 42, no 3, pp. 454–476, 2016.
[21] M., Laamanen, T., Ladonlahti, S., Uotinen, A., Okada, D., Bañeres, and S. Koçdar, “Acceptability of the e authentication in higher education studies: Views of students with special educational needs and disabilities,” International Journal of Education Technology in Higher Education, vol 18, no 4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00236-9
[22] R., Luckin, W., Clark, K., Avramides, J. Hunter and M. Oliver, “Using teacher inquiry to support technology-enhanced formative assessment: A review of the literature to inform a new method,” Interactive Learning Environments, vol 25, no 1, pp. 85-97, 2017. DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2015.1121152
[23] B. Frey, “The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation,” SAGE Publications. 2018. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139
[24] A. D. Bazvand and A. Rasooli, “Students’ experiences of fairness in summative assessment: A study in a higher education context,” Studies in Educational Evaluation, vol 72. 2022. 101118
[25] J. Peterson, “An analysis of academic dishonesty in online classes,” Mid-Western Educational Researcher, vol 31, no 1, 24-36. 2019.
[26] G. K. Dessai, and V.V. Kamat, “Security analysis of conventional/electronic summative assessments,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, vol 9, no 1, 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v9i1.5276. ISSN No. 0976-5697
[27] H. Alquran and B. Ferdousi, “Effect of cybersecurity, privacy and academic integrity concerns on assessment in e-learning environment,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, vol 8, no 11, pp.11-18, 2022. E-ISSN: 2454-9312, P-ISSN: 2454-6143.
[28] M. Bahar and M. Asil, “Attitude towards e-assessment: influence of gender, computer usage and level of education,” Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance And E-Learning, vol 33, no 3, pp. 21–237, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1503529
[29] B. L., Baldock, A. L., Fernandez, J., Franco, B. A., Provencher, and M. R. McCoy, “Overcoming the challenges of remote instruction: Using mobile technology to promote active learning,” Journal of Chemical Education, vol 98, no 3, pp. 833-842, 2021. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00992
[30] A., Okada, I., Noguera, L., Alexieva, A., Rozeva, S., Kocdar, F., Brouns, T., Ladonlahti, Whitelock, D., and Guerrero-Roldán, A. “Pedagogical approaches for e-assessment with authentication and authorship verification in higher education,” British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6). 3264–3282. 2019. doi:10.1111/bjet.12733.
[31] P. A., Grassi, M. E., Garcia, and J. L. Fenton, “NIST special publication 800-63-3 digital identity guidelines. Gaithersburg: U.S. Department of Commerce,” National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2017. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST. SP.800-63-3
[32] H., Ibrahim, S., Karabatak, and A. A. Abdullahi, (2020, June). A study on cybersecurity challenges in e-learning and database management system. In 2020 8th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ISDFS49300.2020.9116415
[33] S. Uotinen, and M. Laamanen, “Developing e-authentication for e-assessment – diversity of students testing the system in higher education,” European Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, vol 23, no 2. 2020. ISSN: 1027-5207.
[34] Y. Khlifi, & H. A. El-Sabagh, “A novel authentication scheme for e-assessments based on student behavior over e-learning platform,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), vol 12, no 04, pp. 62–89. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i04.6478
[35] Y. Khlifi. “An advanced authentication scheme for e-evaluation using students behaviors over e-learning platform,” International Journal of Emerging Technology in Learning, vol 15, no 4. 2020. ISSN 1863-0383. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i04.11571
[36] A., Okada, D., Whitelock, W. Holmes, and C. Edwards, “e-Authentication for online assessment: A mixed-method study,” British Journal of Educational Technology, vol 50, no 2, pp. 861–875. 2019. doi:10.1111/bjet.12608
[37] N. Barik, “Security issues related to e-assessment: A UML based approach,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, vol 3, no 3. 2012.
[38] M., Ivanova, S., Bhattacharjee, S., Marcel, A., Rozeva, and M. Durcheva, (2019). Enhancing trust in eAssessment - the TeSLA system solution.
[39] D., Whitelock, C., Edwards, and A. Okada, “Can e-Authentication Raise the Confidence of both Students and Teachers in Qualifications Granted through the e-Assessment Process?” Journal of Learning for Development, vol 7, no 1, pp.46-60. 2020.
[40] A., Lee-Post and H., Hapke. “Online learning integrity approaches: Current practices and future solution,” Online Learning, 21(1), 135-145. 2017.
[41] A. M. Alarape, and M. Saheed, “Enhancing computer-based assessment security using biometric facial data,” Circulation in Computer Science, vol 2, no 4, pp. 22-26. 2017. https://doi.org/10.22632/ccs-2017-252-04
[42] J. Dermo, and S. Eyre, “Secure, reliable and effective institution-wide e-assessment: paving the way for new technologies,” Loughborough University. Conference contribution. 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/4609