Analysis of Cross-Sectional and Retrograde Data on the Prevalence of Marginal Gingivitis
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 33090
Analysis of Cross-Sectional and Retrograde Data on the Prevalence of Marginal Gingivitis

Authors: Ilma Robo, Saimir Heta, Nedja Hysi, Vera Ostreni

Abstract:

Introduction: Marginal gingivitis is a disease with considerable frequency among patients who present routinely for periodontal control and treatment. In fact, this disease may not have alarming symptoms in patients and may go unnoticed by themselves when personal hygiene conditions are optimal. The aim of this study was to collect retrograde data on the prevalence of marginal gingiva in the respective group of patients, evaluated according to specific periodontal diagnostic tools. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in two patient groups. The first group was with 34 patients, during December 2019-January 2020, and the second group was with 64 patients during 2010-2018 (each year in the mentioned monthly period). Bacterial plaque index, hemorrhage index, amount of gingival fluid, presence of xerostomia and candidiasis were recorded in patients. Results: Analysis of the collected data showed that susceptibility to marginal gingivitis shows higher values according to retrograde data, compared to cross-sectional ones. Susceptibility to candidiasis and the occurrence of xerostomia, even in the combination of both pathologies, as risk factors for the occurrence of marginal gingivitis, show higher values ​​according to retrograde data. The female are presented with a reduced bacterial plaque index than the males, but more importantly, this index in the females is also associated with a reduced index of gingival hemorrhage, in contrast to the males. Conclusions: Cross-sectional data show that the prevalence of marginal gingivitis is more reduced, compared to retrograde data, based on the hemorrhage index and the bacterial plaque index together. Changes in production in the amount of gingival fluid show a higher prevalence of marginal gingivitis in cross-sectional data than in retrograde data; this is based on the sophistication of the way data are recorded, which evolves over time and also based on professional sensitivity to this phenomenon.

Keywords: Marginal gingivitis, cross-sectional, retrograde, prevalence.

Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 510

References:


[1] Carranza – Clinical periodontology; Mosby 2009; Kapitulli “Klasifikimi i sëmundjeve periodontale”.
[2] Steven l. Bricker, Robert P. Langlais, Craig S. Miller.”Diagnoza orale”; Shtёpia Botuese “UFO” Press, 2009.
[3] Anoop Kapoor, Ranjan Malhotra, Vishakha Grover, Deepak Grover; “Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontics”; Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012 Sep-Oct; 9(5): 505–515.; PMCID: PMC3612184.
[4] Carranza – Clinical periodontology; Mosby 2009; Kapitulli “Epidemillogjia e sëmundjeve periodontale”.
[5] Erchick DJ, Rai B, Agrawal NK, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Reynolds MA, Mullany LC; “Oral hygiene, prevalence of gingivitis, and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Sarlahi District, Nepal”; BMC Oral Health. 2019 Jan 5;19(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12903-018-0681-5.
[6] Maroneze MC, Goergen LM, Souza RCL, Rocha JMD, Ardenghi TM; “Edema and gingival bleeding in anterior region have a negative influence on quality of life of adolescents.”; Braz Oral Res. 2018 Oct 25;32:e112. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0112.
[7] Adesina KT, Ernest MA, Tobin AO, Isiaka-Lawal SA, Adeyemi MF, Olarinoye AO, Ezeoke GG; “Oral health status of pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria.”; J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Nov;38(8):1093-1098. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1454410. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
[8] Gallagher J, Ashley P, Petrie A, Needleman I; “Oral health and performance impacts in elite and professional athletes”; Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2018 Dec;46(6):563-568. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12392. Epub 2018 Jun 25.
[9] Juárez-López MLA, Solano-Silva MN, Fragoso-Ríos R, Murrieta-Pruneda F; “Oral diseases in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy treatment”; Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2018 Mar-Apr;56(2):132-135
[10] Quiroz V, Reinero D, Hernández P, Contreras J, Vernal R, Carvajal P.; “Development of a self-report questionnaire designed for population-based surveillance of gingivitis in adolescents: assessment of content validity and reliability.’; J Appl Oral Sci. 2017 Jul-Aug;25(4):404-411. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0511.
[11] Goulart AC, Armani F, Arap AM, Nejm T, Andrade JB, Bufarah HB, Dezen DHS; “Relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular risk factors among young and middle-aged Brazilians. Cross-sectional study.” Sao Paulo Med J. 2017 May-Jun;135(3):226-233. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0357300117.
[12] Mishra PS, Marawar PP, Mishra SS. “A cross-sectional, clinical study to evaluate mobility of teeth during pregnancy using periotest”; Indian J Dent Res. 2017 Jan-Feb;28(1):10-15. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_8_16.
[13] Janem WF, Scannapieco FA, Sabharwal A, Tsompana M, Berman HA, Haase EM, Miecznikowski JC, Mastrandrea LD; “Salivary inflammatory markers and microbiome in normoglycemic lean and obese children compared to obese children with type 2 diabetes”; PLoS One. 2017 Mar 2;12(3):e0172647. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172647. eCollection 2017.
[14] Pitchika V, Thiering E, Metz I, Rothmaier K, Willenberg A, Hickel R, Standl M, Kocher T, Heinrich J, Kühnisch J. “Gingivitis and lifestyle influences on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in adolescents.” J Clin Periodontol. 2017 Apr;44(4):372-381. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12690. Epub 2017 Feb.
[15] Norderyd O, Koch G, Papias A, Köhler AA, Helkimo AN, Brahm CO, Lindmark U, Lindfors N, Mattsson A, Rolander B, Ullbro C, Gerdin EW, Frisk F. “Oral health of individuals aged 3-80 years in Jönköping, Sweden during 40 years (1973-2013). II. Review of clinical and radiographic findings.” Swed Dent J. 2015;39(2):69-86.
[16] Lalla Y, Matias M, Farah CS. “Oral mucosal disease in an Australian urban Indigenous community using autofluorescence imaging and reflectance spectroscopy.” Aust Dent J. 2015 Jun;60(2):216-24. doi: 10.1111/adj.12320. Epub 2015 May 20.
[17] Berberi A Noujeim Z.; “Epidemiology and Relationships between CD4+ Counts and Oral Lesions among 50 Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency’; Virus. J Int Oral Health. 2015 Jan;7(1):18-21.
[18] Fuster-Rossello L, Ribotta E, Cuffini C, Fuster-Juan M; “Human papilloma virus in oral mucosa and its association with periodontal status of gynecologically infected women”; Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2014;27(2):82-8. doi: 10.1590/S1852-48342014000200007.
[19] Idrees MM, Azzeghaiby SN, Hammad MM, Kujan OB.; “Prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in a Saudi adult population.”Saudi Med J. 2014 Nov;35(11):1373-7.
[20] LaMonte MJ, Williams AM, Genco RJ, Andrews CA, Hovey KM, Millen AE, Browne RW, Trevisan M, Wactawski-Wende; “J. Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease measures in postmenopausal women: the Buffalo OsteoPerio study”; J Periodontol. 2014 Nov;85(11):1489-501. doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.140185. Epub 2014 May 26.
[21] Mthethwa SR, Wanjau J, Chabikuli N. “The prevalence of HIV associated oral lesions among adults in the era of HAART”; SADJ. 2013 Sep;68(8):364-71.
[22] Porwal S, Tewari S, Sharma RK, Singhal SR, Narula SC.; “Periodontal status and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in polycystic ovary syndrome with and without medical treatment”; J Periodontol. 2014 Oct;85(10):1380-9. doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.130756. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
[23] Skogmar S, Balcha TT Jemal ZH, Björk J, Deressa W, Schön T, Björkman P.; “Development of a clinical scoring system for assessment of immunosuppression in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection without access to CD4 cell testing--results from a cross-sectional study in Ethiopia”; Glob Health Action. 2014 Feb 13;7:23105. doi: 10.3402/gha.v7.23105. eCollection 2014.
[24] Leong XF, Ng CY, Badiah B, Das S.; “Association between hypertension and periodontitis: possible mechanisms”; Scientific World Journal. 2014 Jan 8;2014:768237. doi: 10.1155/2014/768237. eCollection 2014.
[25] Niederman R “Pregnancy gingivitis and causal inference”; Evid Based Dent. 2013 Dec;14(4):107-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400966.
[26] Prasai Dixit L, Shakya A, Shrestha M, Shrestha ABMC; “Dental caries prevalence, oral health knowledge and practice among indigenous Chepang school children of Nepal.”Oral Health. 2013 May 14;13:20. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-13-20.
[27] Usin MM, Tabares SM, Parodi RJ, Sembaj A.; “Periodontal conditions during the pregnancy associated with periodontal pathogens.” J Investig Clin Dent. 2013 Feb;4(1):54-9. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00137.x. Epub 2012 Dec 17.
[28] Gómez-Díaz RA, Ramírez-Soriano E, Tanus Hajj J, Bautista Cruz E, Jiménez Galicia C, Villasis-Keever MA, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Wacher NH. “Association between carotid intima-media thickness, buccodental status, and glycemic control in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes.” 2012 Nov;13(7):552-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00868.x. Epub 2012 May 14.
[29] Marrone A, Lasserre J, Bercy P, Brecx MC.; ”Prevalence and risk factors for peri-implant disease in Belgian adults.”; Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013 Aug;24(8):934-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02476.x. Epub 2012 May 3.
[30] Leroy R, Declerck D, Marks L.; “The oral health status of special olympics athletes in Belgium.” Community Dent Health. 2012 Mar;29(1):68-73.
[31] Angst PD, Dutra DA, Moreira CH, Kantorski KZ.; “Gingival inflammation and platelet count in patients with leukemia: preliminary results”; Braz Oral Res. 2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):544-9.
[32] Demmer RT, Molitor JA, Jacobs DR Jr, Michalowicz BS.; ”Periodontal disease, tooth loss and incident rheumatoid arthritis: results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiological follow-up study.” J Clin Periodontol. 2011 Nov;38(11):998-1006. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01776.x. Epub 2011 Sep 13.
[33] Leroy R, Jara A, Martens L, Declerck D.; “Oral hygiene and gingival health in Flemish pre-school children.’ Community Dent Health. 2011 Mar;28(1):75-81.
[34] Ponce-Torres E, Ruíz-Rodríguez Mdel S, Alejo-González F, Hernández-Sierra JF, Pozos-Guillén Ade J. “Oral manifestations in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.” J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010 Spring;34(3):275-9.
[35] Ranganathan K, Geethalakshmi E, Krishna Mohan Rao U, Vidya KM, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. “Orofacial and systemic manifestations in 212 paediatric HIV patients from Chennai” South India. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2010 Jul;20(4):276-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01050.x.
[36] Chambrone L, Macedo SB, Ramalho FC, Trevizani Filho E, Chambrone LA.; “Prevalence and severity of gingivitis among scholars (7-14 years): local conditions associated to bleeding on probing.” Cien Saude Colet. 2010 Mar;15(2):337-43. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232010000200008.
[37] Luna-Maldonado E, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, García-Ospina GP, Lopera F.; “Periodontal disease as an early clinical sign of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)”; Rev Neurol. 2009 Nov 16-30;49(10):520-3.
[38] Xavier AC, Silva IN, Costa Fde O, Corrêa DS.” Periodontal status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus”; Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Apr;53(3):348-54.
[39] Bhayat A, Yengopal V, Rudolph MJ, Nemutandani; “Predicting HIV in a public dental facility using group I oral les”; MSSADJ. 2008 Nov;63(10):538, 540, 542-3.
[40] Ximenes R, Couto G, Sougey E.; “Eating disorders in adolescents and their repercussions in oral health”; Int J Eat Disord. 2010 Jan;43(1):59-64. doi: 10.1002/eat.20660.