Estimation of Exhaust and Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions’ Share from On-Road Vehicles in Addis Ababa City

Authors: Solomon Neway Jida, Jean-Francois Hetet, Pascal Chesse

Abstract:

Vehicular emission is the key source of air pollution in the urban environment. This includes both fine particles (PM_2.5) and coarse particulate matters (PM₁₀). However, particulate matter emissions from road traffic comprise emissions from exhaust tailpipe and emissions due to wear and tear of the vehicle part such as brake, tire and clutch and re-suspension of dust (non-exhaust emission). This study estimates the share of the two sources of pollutant particle emissions from on-roadside vehicles in the Addis Ababa municipality, Ethiopia. To calculate its share, two methods were applied; the exhaust-tailpipe emissions were calculated using the Europeans emission inventory Tier II method and Tier I for the non-exhaust emissions (like vehicle tire wear, brake, and road surface wear). The results show that of the total traffic-related particulate emissions in the city, 63% emitted from vehicle exhaust and the remaining 37% from non-exhaust sources. The annual roads transport exhaust emission shares around 2394 tons of particles from all vehicle categories. However, from the total yearly non-exhaust particulate matter emissions’ contribution, tire and brake wear shared around 65% and 35% emanated by road-surface wear. Furthermore, vehicle tire and brake wear were responsible for annual 584.8 tons of coarse particles (PM₁₀) and 314.4 tons of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) emissions in the city whereas surface wear emissions were responsible for around 313.7 tons of PM₁₀ and 169.9 tons of PM_2.5 pollutant emissions in the city. This suggests that non-exhaust sources might be as significant as exhaust sources and have a considerable contribution to the impact on air quality.

Keywords: Addis Ababa, automotive emission, emission estimation, particulate matters.

References:

[1] M. Penkała, P. Ogrodnik, and W. Rogula-Kozłowska, “Particulate Matter from the Road Surface Abrasion as a Problem of Non-Exhaust Emission Control,” Environments, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 9, Jan. 2018.
[2] A. Baskin, “Africa Used Vehicle Report,” p. 26.
[3] Health Effects Institute, “State of Global Air 2017: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and Its Disease Burden | Climate & Clean Air Coalition.” (Accessed: 29-May-2018).
[4] Gold Diane R. and Samet Jonathan M., “Air Pollution, Climate, and Heart Disease,” Circulation, vol. 128, no. 21, pp. 411–414, Nov. 2013.
[5] “Atmospheric acidity : sources, consequences, and abatement / edited by M. Radojević and R.M. Harrison. - Princeton University Library Catalog.”
[6] WHO ''Global Ambient Air Quality Database''. (Accessed: 18-May-2018).
[7] R. Norman, B. Barnes, A. Mathee, and D. Bradshaw, “Estimating the burden of disease attributable to indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels in South Africa in 2000,” vol. 97, no. 8, p. 8, 2007.
[8] A. Kadiyala and A. Kumar, “Development and application of a methodology to identify and rank the important factors affecting in-vehicle particulate matter,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 213–214, pp. 140–146, Apr. 2012.
[9] R. M. Harrison and J. Yin, “Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health?,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 249, no. 1, pp. 85–101, Apr. 2000.
[10] G. Praml and R. Schierl, “Dust exposure in Munich public transportation: a comprehensive 4-year survey in buses and trams,” Int Arch Occup Environ Health, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 209–214, Apr. 2000.
[11] “School Bus Cabin Air Quality and Children’s Exposure | Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health.” (Accessed: 31-Dec-2019).
[12] U. E. N. C. for E. Assessment, “Analysis of particulate matter emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Kansas City,” 15-Mar-2009. (Accessed: 29-May-2018).
[13] R. E. Coverdill, J. E. Kirwan, l E. Brandon, and J. E. Peters, “The Effects of Throttle Body Injection on Fuel/Air Distribution in a Spark-Ignition Engine,” Combustion Science and Technology, vol. 66, no. 4–6, pp. 189–198, Aug. 1989.
[14] C. Wang, H. Xu, J. Herreros, J. Wang, and R. Cracknell, “Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine,” Applied Energy, vol. 132, pp. 178–191, Nov. 2014.
[15] T. Yli-Tuomi, P. Aarnio, L. Pirjola, T. Mäkelä, R. Hillamo, and M. Jantunen, “Emissions of fine particles, NOx, and CO from on-road vehicles in Finland,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, no. 35, pp. 6696–6706, Nov. 2005.
[16] D. B. Kittelson, W. F. Watts, and J. P. Johnson, “Nanoparticle emissions on Minnesota highways,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 9–19, Jan. 2004.
[17] W. E. Wilson, J. C. Chow, C. Claiborn, W. Fusheng, J. Engelbrecht, and J. G. Watson, “Monitoring of particulate matter outdoors,” Chemosphere, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1009–1043, Dec. 2002.
[18] B. Giechaskiel et al., “Review of motor vehicle particulate emissions sampling and measurement: From smoke and filter mass to particle number,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 67, pp. 48–86, Jan. 2014.
[19] “1.A.3.b.i-iv Road transport 2018,” European Environment Agency. (Accessed: 08-Mar-2019).
[20] X. Han and L. P. Naeher, “A review of traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world,” Environment International, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 106–120, Jan. 2006.
[21] L. Ntziachristos and P. Boulter, “EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016,” p. 32.
[22] “Addis Ababa Population 2018 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).” (Accessed: 25-Apr-2018).
[23] “(1) PM10 emission factors for non-exhaust particles generated by road traffic in an urban street canyon and along a freeway in Switzerland | Request PDF,” ResearchGate. (Accessed: 30-May-2019).
[24] V. R. J. H. Timmers and P. A. J. Achten, “Non-exhaust PM emissions from electric vehicles,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 134, pp. 10–17, Jun. 2016.