Evaluation of Water Quality of the Surface Water of the Damietta Nile Branch, Damietta Governorate, Egypt
Authors: M. S. M. El-Bady
Abstract:
Water quality and heavy metals pollution of the Damietta Nile Branch at Damietta governorate were investigated in the current work. Fourteen different sampling points were selected along the Damietta Nile branch from Ras EL-Bar (sample 1) to Sheremsah (sample 14). Physical and chemical parameters and the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, Al, Hg, Pb and Zn were investigated for water quality assessment of Damietta Nile Branch at Damietta Governorate. Most of the samples show that the water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. All locations of samples near the sea are unsuitable water but the samples in the south direction away from the sea are suitable or good water for drinking and irrigation.
Keywords: Water quality indices, Damietta Governorate, Nile River, pollution.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3593150
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 865References:
[1] Wahaab, R.A. and Badawy, M. I. (2004): Water Quality Assessment of the River Nile System: An Overview. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 17, 87-100 (2004)
[2] World Bank (2005) Country Environmental Analysis (1992-2002), Arab Republic of Egypt, Water and Environment Department.The Middle East and North Africa Region. World Bank
[3] Chapman, D. and Chapman, D. E (1996) “Water Quality Assessments. A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring,” 2nd Edition, Chapman& Hall, London, 1996.
[4] Mapfumo, E. Willms W. and Chanasyk, D. (2002) “Water Quality of Surface Runoff from Grazed Fescue Grassland Watershed in Alberta,” Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2002, pp. 543-562.
[5] ELEWA, H. H. 2010. Potentialities of Water Resources Pollution of the Nile River Delta, Egypt. The Open Hydrology Journal 4: 1 - 13.
[6] Fernandez, G.,. Chescheir, G. M Skaggs R. W. and Amatya, D. M. (2002) “WATGIS: A GIS-Based Lumped Parameter Water Quality Model,” Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 45,No. 3, 2002, pp. 593-600.
[7] NWRC,(2000) National Water Quality and Availability Management: National Water Quality Monitoring Component 100. Final Report, National Water Research Center (NWRC) and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (PFRA), Egypt.
[8] Badawy, M.I. (2013). Water Quality of Drinking Water Resources and Formation of Disinfection by-products. Egyptian-German Workshop on Sustainable Water Technologies (SusWaTec Workshop) 18.-20th February 2013 - Cairo, Egypt. National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
[9] Sundaray, S. K., Panda, U. C., Nayak, B. B., &Bhatta, D. (2006). Multivariate statistical techniques for thevevaluation of spatial and temporal variation in water quality of Mahanadi river-estuarine system (India), A case study. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 28(4), 317-330.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-9001-5
[10] 10. Akoto, O., Bruce, T. N., &Darko, G. (2008). Heavy metals pollution profiles in streams serving the Owabi reservoir. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(11), 354-359.
[11] Amadi, A. N., & Olasehinde, P. I. (2010). Application of remote sensing techniques in hydrogeological mapping of parts of Bosso Area, Minna, North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(9), 1465-1474.
[12] Gueu, S., Yao, B., Adouby, K., & Ado, G. (2007). Kinetics and thermodynamics study of lead adsorption on to activated carbons from coconut and seed hull of the palm tree. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 4(1), 11-17.
[13] Lee, C. L., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Li, J., Ding, A. J., & Wang, T. (2007). Heavy metals and Pb isotopic composition of aerosols in urban and suburban areas of Hong Kong and Guangzhou, South China Evidence of the long-range transport of air contaminants. Environmental Pollution, 41(1), 432-447.
[14] Adams, R. H., Guzmán-Osorio, F. J., & Zavala, C. J. (2008). Water repellency in oil contaminated sandy and clayey soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(4), 445-454.
[15] Vinodhini, R., & Narayanan, M. (2008). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in organs of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Common carp). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(2), 179-182.
[16] Suthar, S., & Singh, S. (2008). Vermi composting of domestic waste by using two epigeic earthworms (Perionyx excavates and Perionyxsansibaricus). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(1), 99-106.
[17] Aktar, M. W., Paramasivam. M., Ganguly, M., Purkait, S., &Sengupta, D. (2010). Assessment and occurrence of various heavy metals in surface water of Ganga river around Kolkata: a study for toxicity and ecological impact. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160(2), 207-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0688-5
[18] Abdo, M. H. (2004). Environmental studies on the River Nile at Damietta branch region, Egypt. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc. Environ. Develop., (D- Environmental Studies), 5 (2): 85 - 104.
[19] Al-Afify, A. D. G. (2006). Biochemical studies on River Nile pollution. M.Sc. Thesis, Biochemistry Department Fac. Agric., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 152pp.
[20] APRP. (Agricultural Policy Reform Program, Water Policy Program), 2002. Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources. Agricultural Policy Reform Program (APRP), Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Report No. 64, Cairo, Egypt.
[21] El-Gammal, M.I., Ali, R.R and Eissa, R. (2014):Land use assessment of barren areas in Damietta Governorate, Egypt using remote sensing. Egyptian journal of basic and applied sciences, I (2014) 151-160.
[22] Adams, V. D (1990) Water and Wastewater Examination Manual, Published by Taylor and Francis (1990), ISBN 10: 0873711998 ISBN 13: 9780873711999
[23] APHA, (2005): Standards methods for examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
[24] WHO, (2011) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Water Health Organization, Fourth Edition, pp. 219- 443.
[25] Egyptian drinking water quality standards, 2007. Ministry of Health, Population Decision number (458).
[26] (FAO), (1994): The state of food and agriculture. FAO Agriculture Series, No. 27. ISSN 0081-4539, Rome, 1994
[27] Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. (2012) Water Quality Indices,Elsevier B.V., pp. 19-28.
[28] 28. Brown,R.M, N.J.Mc cleiland, R.A.Deiniger, and M.F.A. O’ Connor (1972). Water quality index – crossing the physical barrier (Jenkis, S H ed) Proc. Intl. Conf. on water poll. Res. Jerusalem 6, 787 – 797
[29] 29. El-Sherbini A. and El-Moattassem M. (1994).River Nile Water Quality Index during High and LowFlow Conditions. National Conference on the River Nile, Assiut Center for Environmental Studies.
[30] Mohanta, B.K. and Patra, A.K. (2000). Studies in the water quality index of river Sanamachhakananda at Keonjargarh, Orissa, India. Pollut. Res., 19, 377-385.
[31] Dwivedi S. L. and V. Pathak, (2007). A Preliminary Assignment of Water Quality Index to Mandakini River, Chitrakoot, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 27, No. 11, pp. 1036-1038
[32] Simoes F. S., A. B. Moreira, M. C. Bisinoti, S. M. N. Gimenez and M. J. S. Yabe, (2008). Water Quality Index as a Simple Indicator of Aquaculture Effects on Aquatic Bodies, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 476-484.
[33] Chatterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002): Determination of water quality index of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal, Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 1 (2), 2002, pp 181-189.
[34] Bakan, G., Özkoç, H.B., Tülek, S., Cüce, H. (2010): Integrated environmental quality assessment of the Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment, Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, 55139, Samsun, Turkey. Turk. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 10, 453-462.
[35] Tamasi, G., &Cini, R. (2004).Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata. Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the province of Siena. Science of the Total Environment, 327, 41-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.011
[36] Mohan, S.V., Nithila, P., and Reddy, S.J., 1996. Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index: Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A, v. 31, p. 283-289.
[37] Prasad, B., &Kumari, S. (2008). Heavy metal pollution index of ground water of an abandoned open cast mine filled of the water quality of River Adyar, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82(2), 211-217.
[38] Chon HT, Ahn JS, Jung MC (1991) Environmental contamination of toxic heavy metals in the vicinity of some Au–Ag mines in Korea, Proc. of the 4th. Biennial SGA Meeting.Truku, Finland, p 891
[39] Kim KW, Lee HK, Yoo BC (1998) The environmental impact of gold mines in the Yugu- Kwangcheon Au-Ag metallogenic province Republic of Korea. Environ SciTechnol 19:291–298
[40] Emoyan O.O, Ogban FE, Akarah E (2005) Evaluation of Heavy metals loading of River Ijana. Nigeria J ApplSci Environ Manag 10(2):121–127
[41] Odukoya AM, Abimbola AF (2010) Contamination assessment of surface and groundwater within and around two dumpsites. Int J Environ Sci Tech 7(2):367–376
[42] Lee JS, Chon HT, Kim JS, Kim KW, Moon HS (1998) Enrichment of potentially toxic elements in areas underlain by black shales and slates in Korea. Environ GeochemHlth 20(30):135–147
[43] Caerio, S., Costa, M. H., Ramos, T. B., Fernandes, F., Silveira, N., Coimbra, A., … Painho, M. (2005). Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: An index analysis approach. Ecological Indicators, 5, 155-169.
[44] Sayed, M. F. (1998).Evaluation of pollution on Mugilspecies in Damietta branch of the River Nile between Faraskour Barrage and Ras El-Bar outlet. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Helwan Univ., Egypt.
[45] Mohamed, M. M. (2010). Ecological studies on the effect of Faraskour Dam on the water quality of Damietta branch of the River Nile. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Sci Al-Azhar Univ.
[46] Abdo M. H (2010) Environmental and water quality evaluation of Damietta branch, River Nile, Egypt. African J. Biol. Sci., 6 (2): 143-158. ISSN 1687-4870.