A Comparison of Short- and Long-Haul Vacation Tourists on Evaluation of Attractiveness: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Zhaoyu Chen
Abstract:
In this study, an attempt was made to find reasons why tourists go to particular attractions. Tourists may be either motivated by the attractions or simply make the choice to satisfy their needs and desires. Based on the attractions in Hong Kong, this research was conducted to explore the attraction-related concepts to discuss how the attraction system works. Due to the limited studies on exploring the attractiveness of attractions through tourist movement patterns, the study aims to evaluate such indicators to determine whether tourists are motivated by attractiveness or their own needs. The investigation is conducted through the comparison of different source markets - Mainland China, short haul markets (excluding Mainland China) and long haul markets. The latest finding of Departing Visitor Survey (DVS) implemented by the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) is employed for the analysis. Various tourist movement patterns are drawn from the practical data. The managerial implication to destination management organizations (DMOs) is suggested to better allocate attractions according to the needs of tourists.
Keywords: Attractions, attraction system, Hong Kong, tourist movement patterns.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1315651
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 1085References:
[1] J. Swarbrooke, The development and management of visitor attractions (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
[2] J. C. Holloway, and N. Taylor, “Visitor attractions,” in The business of tourism, 7th ed. US: Prentice Hall, 2006, ch. 10, pp. 214-269.
[3] G. Richards, “Tourism attraction systems: Exploring cultural behavior,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 29, no. 4, 2002, pp. 1048-1064.
[4] A. H. Maslow, “A theory of human motivation,” Psychological review, vol. 50, 1943, pp. 370-396.
[5] B. McKercher, B., S. M. Wan, and T. M. Tse, “Are short duration cultural festivals tourist attractions?” Journal of sustainable tourism, vol. 15, no. 1, 2006, pp. 55-66.
[6] A. S. McCabe, “Tourism motivation process,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2000, pp. 1049-1052.
[7] L. Mountinho, “Consumer behaviour in tourism,” European journal of marketing, vol. 21, no. 10, 1987, pp. 3-44.
[8] S. Page, Tourism management (5th ed.). Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2015.
[9] P. Pearce, and U.-I. Lee, “Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation,” Journal of travel research, vol. 43, no. 3, 2005, pp. 226-237.
[10] J. L. Crompton, “Motivations for pleasure vacation,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 6, no. 4, 1979, pp. 408-424.
[11] G. Dann, “Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 4, no. 4, 1977, pp. 184-194.
[12] P. Pearce, “Fundamentals of tourist motivation,” in D. Pearce, and R. Butler (Eds.), Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1993, pp. 85-105.
[13] P. Pearce, “Analysing tourist attractions,” Journal of tourism studies, vol. 2, no. 1, 1991, 46-55.
[14] W. Hu, and G. Wall, “Environmental management, environmental image and the competitive tourist attraction,” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 13, no. 6, 2005, pp. 617-635.
[15] V. Middleton, and J. Clarke, Marketing in travel and tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.
[16] A. Leask, “Nature & purpose of visitor attractions,” in A. Fyall, B. Garrod, A. Leask, and S. Wanhill (Eds.), Managing visitor attractions (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier, 2008.
[17] A. Leask, “Progress in Tourism Management: Progress in visitor attraction research: Towards more effective management,” Tourism management, vol. 31, 2010, pp. 155-166.
[18] English Tourism Council. Action for attractions. London: English Tourism Council, 2000.
[19] VisitScotland. 2013 visitor attraction monitor. Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014.
[20] A. Fyall, B. Garrod, and A. Leask, Managing visitor attractions: New directions. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
[21] C. Schmidt, “The Guided Tour,” Urban Life, vol. 7, no. 4, 1979, pp. 441-467.
[22] G. Wall, “Tourist attractions: points, lines and areas,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 24, no. 1, 1997, 240-243.
[23] B. A. Lubbe, “Part 4: The supply of tourism: sectors,” in Tourism management in southern Africa (2nd ed.), Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa, 2005, pp. 101 – 112.
[24] N. Leiper, “Tourist attraction systems,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 17, no. 2, 1990, pp. 367–384.
[25] D. MacCannell, The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. London: Macmillan, 1976.
[26] C. Gunn, Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Austin: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, 1972.
[27] A. Lew, “A framework of tourist attraction research,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 14, no. 4, 1987, pp. 553–575.
[28] HKTB, Visitor Profile Report – 2016. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2017.
[29] A. Liu, and B. McKercher, “The impact of visa liberalization on tourist behaviors - The case of China outbound market visiting Hong Kong,” Journal of travel research, vol. 55, no. 5, 2016, pp. 603-611.
[30] Y. F. Bao, and B. McKercher, “The effect of distance on tourism in Hong Kong: A comparison of short-haul & long-haul visitors,” Asia pacific journal of tourism research, vol. 13, no. 2, 2008, pp. 101-111.
[31] G. I. Crouch, “Demand elasticities for short-haul versus long-haul tourism,” Journal of travel research, vol. 33, no. 2, 1994, pp. 2-7.
[32] P. Murphy, and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Long haul flight market: Its future and implications for Australia over the next 20 years, Australia: CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd, 2005.
[33] E. J. Mayo, and L. P. Jarvis, “Objective distance V's subjective distance and the attraction of the far-off destination,” in V.I.R (ed.), Tourism services marketing: advances in theory and practice. Miami: University of Miami, 1986.
[34] M. J. Baxter, “The interpretation of the distance and attractiveness components in models of recreational trips,” Geographical analysis, vol. 11, no. 3, 1979, 311-315.
[35] B. A. Mohammad, and A. –H, Mohammad, “An analysis of push and pull travel motivations of foreign tourists to Jordan,” International journal of business and management, vol. 5, no. 12, 2010, pp. 41-50.
[36] Y. H. Hwang, U. Gretzel, Z. Xiang, and D. R. Fesenmaier, “Information search for travel decisions,” in D. R. Fesenmaier, K. Wöber, and H. Werthner (eds.), Destination recommendation systems: Behavioural foundations and applications, Wallingford, UK: CABI, 2006, pp. 3–29.
[37] C. –C, Lue, J. L. Crompton, and D. R. Fesenmaier, “Conceptualization of Multidestination Pleasure Trips,” Annals of tourism research, vol. 20, 1993, pp. 289-301.