Innovation Environments: A Comparison between Mexico and BRICS

Authors: Peña Aguilar Juan M., Arriaga Barrera H., Velázquez Alejos Miguel, Genis Ernesto, Valencia Pérez L. R., Bermúdez Peña M. Carmen

Abstract:

To give a general view of the innovation environments is the aim of this paper, we pretend to make an analysis between Mexico and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa- countries belonging to the group of five major emerging economies). The comparison takes by reference a set of various indicators that directly or indirectly affect innovation in a positive or negative way. Firstly, a research to obtain the values of each of the indicators was conducted, considering the main primary sources, then, within a set of radial charts is presented the resulting values of each nation and a comparison between them. Finally, a description of the gaps between Mexico and the BRICS were established, including the areas of opportunity for Mexico

Keywords: Innovation, triple-helix, innovation systems, indicators.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1130221

References:

[1] S A info (2011). New era as South Africa joins BRICS. 20/02/2015, From: SouthAfrica.info Web site: http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm.
[2] Kuzmín, Viktor (2012) 'The BRICS are transformed into an alliance': Russia Beyond the headlines. From: http://es.rbth.com/articles/2012/04/07/los_brics_se_transforman_en_una_alianza_16760.html.
[3] OCDE (2010) Perspectives on Global Development http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/perspectivesonglobaldevelopment2010.htm.
[4] Rothwell, R. (1992). ‘Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s’, R&D Management, 22(3): 221–39.
[5] Katz, Daniel and Robert L. Kahn. 1989. Social psychology of organizations. México: Trillas.
[6] Luhmann, Niklas. 2007. Society of Society. México: Herder / Universidad Iberoamericana.
[7] Holland, John H. 1992. Complex Adaptive Systems. Daedalus, Vol. 121, No. 1, A New Era in Computation (Winter, 1992), pp. 17-30 Published by: The MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts & Sciences. http://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=pisa.
[8] Björn, Johnson, Charles Edquist and Bengt-Åke Lundvall. (2003). ‘Economic Development and the National System of Innovation Approach’, en First Globelics Conference, Rio de Janeiro, November 3–6, 2003. (En línea) Disponible: .
[9] Johnson, B. & Lundvall, B-A. (2000): “Promoting Innovation Systems as a Response to the Globalising Learning Economy”, presentation for the seminar “Arranjos e Sistemas Produtivos Locais e as Novas Políticas de Desenvolvimento Industrial e Tecnológico”, Río de Janeiro.
[10] Bertelsen, P. & Müller, J. (2001): “Who are the ignorant? Current Transformations in Tanzanian Indigenous Technology Systems”, Paper for Nordic Africa Days, Uppsala. Edquist, C. (2001). The Systems of Innovation Approach and Innovation Policy: An account of the state of the art. National Systems of Innovation, Institutions and Public Policies. Aalborg.
[11] Edquist, C. (December de 2004). Reflections on the systems of innovation approach. Science and Public Policy, 31(6), 485-489.
[12] Marceau, J. (1997): “The Triple Helix: Government-University-Industry Relations in a Small Open Economy”, ponencia presentada a la Conferencia Internacional “Las universidades y la economía global del conocimiento: una triple hélice de relaciones universidad-industria-gobierno”, Amsterdam, enero.
[13] Sabato, J. & Mackenzie, M. (1982): La producción de tecnología. Autónoma o transnacional, Ed. Nueva Imagen, México.
[14] Jackson, D. J. 2011. What is an innovation ecosystem? Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2015 en: http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/What-is-an-Innovation-Ecosystem.pdf.
[15] Leydesdorff, Loet. 2011. The Triple Helix, Quadruple Helix, and an N-Tuple of Helices: Explanatory Models for Analyzing the Knowledge-Based Economy? Journal of the Knowledge Economy. Volume 3, Issue 1. Pp 25-35.
[16] Leydesdorff, Loet. 2012. The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations (February 2012). Forthcoming in: Elias Carayannis and David Campbell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, New York: Springer. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1996760.
[17] Schwab, Klaus (Editor). 2014. The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015. World Economic Forum. Consultado el 4 de febrero de 2014 en: http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015.
[18] OECD. 2014. PISA 2012 Technical Report, PISA, OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/PISA-2012-technical-report-final.pdf.
[19] Walker, Maurice (2011). 'PISA 2009 Plus Results: Performance of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics and science for 10 additional participants'. Melbourne: ACER Press.
[20] World Economic Forum. 2013. The Human Capital Report. In collaboration with Mercer and Harvard University. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_HumanCapitalReport_2013.pdf.
[21] World Bank. 2014. Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency. Washington, DC: World Bank. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB15-Full-Report.pdf.
[22] World Bank. 2015. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS/countries/1W-MX?display=default.
[23] United Nations Development Programme. 2014. Human Development Report 2014, Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. Disponible en: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf.
[24] Hausmann, Ricardo, César A. Hidalgo, Sebastián Bustos, Michele Coscia Sarah Chung, Juan Jimenez, Alexander Simoes, Muhammed A. Yıldırım. 2011. The Atlas of Economic Complexity, Mapping Paths to Prosperity. Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Consultado del 20 de febrero de 2015 en: http://atlas.media.mit.edu/static/atlas/pdf/AtlasOfEconomicComplexity.pdf. Los datos actualizados a 2012 están disponibles en: http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings/country/2012/.
[25] Aguilar Peña Juan M., Valencia Luis, Pastrana Alberto, Nava Estefany, Martínez A., Vivanco M., Castañeda A. (2014). “Radar Charts Analysis to Compare the Level of Innovation in Mexico with Most Innovative Countries in Triple Helix Schema Economic and Human Factor Dimension”. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Management, Economics and Business Engineering. Vol:8 No:4. Pp 945 – 951.
[26] World Economic Forum. 2014. The Global Information Technology Report 2014, Rewards and Risks of Big Data. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2014 en: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalInformationTechnology_Report_2014.pdf.
[27] World Intellectual Property Organization. 2014. World Intellectual Property Indicators. Consultado el 09 de febrero de 2014 en: http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/wipi/.
[28] World Economic Forum. 2014. The Global Information Technology Report 2014, Rewards and Risks of Big Data. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2014 en: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalInformationTechnology_Report_2014.pdf.