Human Intraocular Thermal Field in Action with Different Boundary Conditions Considering Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Humor Fluid Flow

Authors: Dara Singh, Keikhosrow Firouzbakhsh, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian

Abstract:

In this study, a validated 3D finite volume model of human eye is developed to study the fluid flow and heat transfer in the human eye at steady state conditions. For this purpose, discretized bio-heat transfer equation coupled with Boussinesq equation is analyzed with different anatomical, environmental, and physiological conditions. It is demonstrated that the fluid circulation is formed as a result of thermal gradients in various regions of eye. It is also shown that posterior region of the human eye is less affected by the ambient conditions compared to the anterior segment which is sensitive to the ambient conditions and also to the way the gravitational field is defined compared to the geometry of the eye making the circulations and the thermal field complicated in transient states. The effect of variation in material and boundary conditions guides us to the conclusion that thermal field of a healthy and non-healthy eye can be distinguished via computer simulations.

Keywords: Bio-heat, Boussinesq, conduction, convection, eye.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1129540

References:

[1] A. Taflove, and M. Brodwin, “Computation of the electromagnetic fields and induced temperatures within a model of the microwave-irradiated human eye.” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 23, 1975: pp. 888–896.
[2] K. A. Al-Badwaihy, and A. B. A. Youssef, “Biological thermal effect of microwave radiation on human eye,” in: C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore (Eds.), Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, 1, 1976: pp. 61–78.
[3] J. W. Lagendijk, “A mathematical model to calculate temperature distributions in human and rabbit eyes during hyperthermic treatment,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 27, 1982: pp. 1301–1311.
[4] A. Hirata, S. Matsuyama, and T. Shiozawa, “Temperature rises in the human eye exposed to EM waves in the frequency range 0.6–6 GHz,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 42, 2000: pp. 386–393.
[5] A. F. Emery, P. Kramar, A. W. Guy, and J. C. Lin, “Microwave 466 induced temperature rises in rabbit eyes in cataract research.” Journal of Heat Transfer, 97, 1975: pp. 123–128.
[6] A. Guy, J. C. Lin, and P. O. Kramar, “Emery AF., “Effect of 2450 MHz radiation on the rabbit eye,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 23 1975: pp. 492–498.
[7] J. A. Scott, “A finite element model of heat transport in the human eye,’ Physics in Medicine and Biology, 331988: pp. 227–241.
[8] E. H. Amara, “Numerical investigations on thermal effects of laser ocular media interaction.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 38, 1995: pp. 2479–88.
[9] J. A. Scott, “The computation of temperature rises in the human eye induced by infrared radiation,” Physics in Medicine and Biology. 33, 1988: pp. 243–257.
[10] K. J. Chua, J. C. Ho, S. K. Chou, and M. R. Islam, “On the study of the temperature distribution within a human eye subjected to a laser source,” International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 32, 2005: pp. 1057–1065.
[11] V. M .M. Flyckt, B. W. Raaymakers, and J. J. W. Lagendijk, “Modelling the impact of blood flow on temperature distribution in the human eye and the orbit: fixed heat transfer coefficients versus the Pennesbioheat model versus discrete blood vessels,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51, 2006: pp. 5007–5021.
[12] E. Y. K. Ng, and E. H. Ooi, “Ocular surface temperature: a 3D FEM prediction using bioheat equation,” Computers in Biology and Medicine. 37, 2007: pp. 829–835.
[13] E. Y. K. Ng, E. H. Ooi, and U. Rajendrarcharya, “A comparative study between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional human eye models,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 48, 2008: pp. 712–720.
[14] E. Y. K. Ng, and E. H. Ooi, “FEM simulation of the eye structure with bioheat analysis,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 82, 2006: pp. 268–276.
[15] E. H. Ooi, W. T. Ang, and E. Y. K. Ng, “Bioheat transfer in the human eye: a boundary element approach,” Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 31, 2007: pp. 494–500.
[16] E. H. Ooi, W. T. Ang, and E. Y. K. Ng, “A boundary element model of the human eye undergoing laser thermokeratoplasty,” Computers in Biology and Medicine. 38, 2008: pp. 727–737
[17] A. Narasimhan, K. K. Jha, and L. Gopal, “Transient simulations of heat transfer in human eye undergoing laser surgery”. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, 2010: pp. 482–490.
[18] E. H. Ooi and E. Y. Ng, “Simulation of aqueous humor hydrodynamics in human eye heattransfer”. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 38, 2007: pp. 252-262.
[19] J. J. Heys, and V. H. Barocas, “A Boussinesq model of natural convection in the human eye and the formation of Krukenberg's spindle,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering.30. 2001: pp. 392-40.
[20] S. Kumar, S. Acharya, R Beuerman, and A. Palkama, “Numerical solution of ocular fluid dynamics in a rabbit eye: parametric effects,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 34, 2006: pp. 530-44.
[21] A. Karampatzakis, and T. Samaras, “Numerical model of heat transfer in the human eye with consideration of fluid dynamics of the aqueous humour,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 55, 2010: pp. 5653–5665.
[22] M. Shafahi, and K. Vafai, “Human Eye Response to Thermal Disturbances,” Journal of Heat Transfer, 133, 2011.
[23] H. H. Pennes, “Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm,” Journal of Applied Physiology. 85, 1998: pp. 5–34.
[24] U. Cicekli, ‘Computational model for heat transfer in the human eye using the finite element method,” M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, 2003.
[25] P. S. Neelakantaswamy, and K. P. Ramakrishnan, “Microwave-induced hazardous nonlinear thermo-elastic vibrations of the ocular lens in the human eye”, Journal of Biomechanics 12, 1979: pp. 205–210.
[26] American foundation of Blind @http://www.familyconnect.org/info/after-the-diagnosis/working-with-medical-professionals/the-human-eye/135, last update June/11/2014.