Potential of Salvia sclarea L. for Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals

Authors: Violina R. Angelova, Radka V. Ivanova, Givko M. Todorov, Krasimir I. Ivanov

Abstract:

A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Salvia sclarea L. for phytoremediation of contaminated soils. The experiment was performed on an agricultural fields contaminated by the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The content of heavy metals in different parts of Salvia sclarea L. (roots, stems, leaves and inflorescences) was determined by ICP. The essential oil of the Salvia sclarea L. was obtained by steam distillation in laboratory conditions and was analyzed for heavy metals and its chemical composition was determined. Salvia sclarea L. is a plant which is tolerant to heavy metals and can be grown on contaminated soils. Based on the obtained results and using the most common criteria, Salvia sclarea L. can be classified as Pb hyperaccumulator and Cd and Zn accumulators, therefore, this plant has suitable potential for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Favorable is also the fact that heavy metals do not influence the development of the Salvia sclarea L., as well as on the quality and quantity of the essential oil. For clary sage oil obtained from the processing of clary sage grown on highly contaminated soils, its key odour-determining ingredients meet the quality requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia and BS ISO 7609 regarding Bulgarian clary sage oil and/or have values that are close to the limits of these standards. The possibility of further industrial processing will make Salvia sclarea L. an economically interesting crop for farmers of phytoextraction technology.

Keywords: Clary sage, heavy metals, phytoremediation, polluted soils.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1127523

References:

[1] P. Z. Bağdat, and E. M. Eid, “Phytoremedation behaviour of some medicinal and aromatic plants to various pollutants”, Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, vol.16 (1-2), pp. 1-10, 2007.
[2] M. S. Abu-Darwish, “Essential Oils and Heavy Metals Content of Some Aromatic Medicinal Plants Grown in Ash-Shoubak Region, South of Jordan”, Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, vol. 7, 3-4, pp. 920-924, 2009.
[3] V. Angelova, “Potential of some medicinal and aromatic plants for phytoremedation of soils contaminated with heavy metals”, Аgricultural Science, vol. 11, pp. 61-66, 2012.
[4] Z. D. Zheljazkov, L. E. Craker, B. Xing, N. E. Nielsen, and A. Wilcox, “Aromatic plant production on metal contaminated soils”, Sci. Total. Environ., vol.395, pp.51-62, 2008.
[5] V. D. Zheljazkov, L. E. Craker, and B. Xing, “Effects of Cd, Pb, and Cu on growth and essential oil contents in dill, peppermint, and basil”, Environ. Exp. Bot., vol. 58, pp.9-16, 2006.
[6] V. R. Angelova, D. F. Grekov, V. K. Kisyov, and K. I. Ivanov, “Potential of Lavender (Lavandula vera L.) for Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, vol.9 (5), pp.514-521, 2015.
[7] E. Hayet, B. Fatma, I. Souhir, F. A. Waheb, K. Abderaouf, A. Mahjoub, and M. Maha, “Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of the acetone extract of the flowers of Salvia sclarea and some natural products”, Pak J Pharm Sci., vol.20(2), pp.146-148, 2007.
[8] A. Dzamic, M. Sokovic, M. Ristic, S. Grujic-Jovanovic, J. Vukojevic, and P.D. Marin, “Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia sclarea (Lamiaceae) essential oil”, Arch Biol Sci Belgrade, vol.60(2), pp.233-237, 2008.
[9] R. Verma, “Chemical investigation of decanted and hydrophilic fractions of Salvia sclarea essential oil Chemical investigation of decanted and hydrophilic fractions of Salvia sclarea essential oil”, Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines, vol.5 (3), pp.102-108, 2010.
[10] J. Yankulov, Main aromatic plants, 19 modern technologies for cultivation. Sofia, pp.101-114, 2000.
[11] A. T. Peana, M. D. L. Moretti, and C. Juliano, “Chemical composition and antimicrobial action of the essential oils from Salvia desoleana and S. sclarea”. Planta Med., vol.65(8), pp. 752-754, 1999.
[12] A. Carrubba, R. la Torre, R. Piccaglia, and M. Marotti, “Characterization of an Italian biotype of Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea L.) grown in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment”, Flav Fragr J., vol. 17(3), pp.191-194, 2002.
[13] B. M. Lawrence, “Progress in essential oils: Clary Sage oil”, Perf Flav., vol. 15(4), pp. 69-71, 1990.
[14] P. Z Pešić, and V. M. Banković, “Investigation on the essential oil of cultivated Salvia sclarea L.”, Flavour Fragr. J., vol.18, pp.228-230, 2003.
[15] R.Adams, and T.Yanke, “Variation in composition and enantiomeric analyses of commercial vs. new Kashmir clary sage oils”, Perf Flav., 32(9), pp.36-39, 2007.
[16] G. Dogan, S. Hayta, E. Yuce, and E. Bagci, “Composition of the essential oil of two Salvia taxa (Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata) from Turkey”, Natural Science and Discovery, vol. 1(3), pp. 62-67, 2015.
[17] K. K. Dzumayev, I. A. Tsibulskaya, I. G. Zenkevich, K. G. Tkachenko and I. F. Satzyperova, “Essential oils of Salvia sclarea L. produced from plants grown in southern Uzbekistan”, J. Essent. Oil Res., vol. 7, pp. 597-604, 1995.
[18] Y. Hristova, V. Gochev, J. Wanner, L. Jirovetz, E. Schmidt, T. Girova and A. Kuzmanov, “Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Salvia sclarea L. from Bulgaria against clinical isolates of Candida species”, J. BioSci. Biotech. vol. 2(1), pp. 39-44, 2013.
[19] L. Jirovetz, G. Buchbauer, Z. Denkova, A. Slavchev, A. Stoyanova, and E. Schmidt, “Chemical composition, antimicrobial activities and odor descriptions of various Salvia sp. and Thuja sp. essential oils”, Nutrition, vol. 90, pp. 152-159, 2006.
[20] S. E. Kintzios, Sage – The genus Salvia. Harwood, Amsterdam, Netherland, 2000.
[21] A. Koutsaviti, D.I. Tzini and O. Tzakou, “Greek Salvia sclarea L. Essential Oils: Effect of Hydrodistillation Time, Comparison of the Aroma Chemicals Using Hydrodistillation and HS-SPME Techniques”, Rec. Nat. Prod., vol. 10(6), pp. 800-805, 2016.
[22] R. Kumar, S. Sharma and V. Pathania, “Effect of shading and plant density on growth, yield and oil composition of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) in north western Himalaya”, J. Essent. Oil Res., vol.25, pp.23-32, 2013.
[23] D. Lorenzo, D. Paz, P. Davies, J. Villamil, R. Vila, S. Cañigueral and E. Dellacassa, “Characterization and enantiomeric distribution of some terpenes in the essential oil of a Uruguayan biotype of Salvia sclarea L.”, Flavour Fargr. J., vol. 19, pp.303-307, 2004.
[24] M. E. Torres, A. Velasco-Negueruela, M. J. Pérez-Alonso and M. G. Pinilla, “Volatile constituents of two Salvia species grown wild in Spain”, J. Essent. Oil Res., vol. 9, pp.27-33, 1997.
[25] A. Yadav, C.S. Chanotiya and A.K. Singh, “Terpenoid compositions and enantio-differentiation of linalool and sclareol in Salvia sclarea L. from three different climatic regions in India”, J. Essent. Oil Res., vol.22, pp.589-592, 2010.
[26] A. Stoyanova, M. Perifanova-Nemska and E. Georgiev, Knowledge of raw materials for vegetable fats and oils, Plovdiv, 2006.
[27] E. Georgiev, and A. Stoyanova, A guide for the specialist in aromatic industry. UFT Academic Publishing House, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 2006.
[28] D.Pitarokili, M. Couladis, N. Petsikos-Panayotarou, and O. Tzakou, “Composition and antifungal activity on soil-borne pathogens of essential oil of Salvia sclarea from Greece”, Agric. Food. Chem., vol.20, pp.6688-6691, 2002.
[29] I. Gülçin, “Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.)”, Turk. J. Agric. For., vol. 28, pp. 25-33, 2004.
[30] D. Fraternale, L. Giamperi, A. Bucchini, D. Ricci, F. Epifano, S. Genovese, and M. Curini, “Composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Salvia sclarea from Italy”, Chem. Nat. Comp., vol.41, pp.604-606, 2005.
[31] L. Kuźma, D. Kalemba, M. Róźalski, F. Róźalska, M. Więckowaska-Szakiel, U. Krajewska, H. Wysokińska, “Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from Salvia sclarea plants regenerated in vitro”, Molecules, vol.14, pp.1438-1447, 2009.
[32] M. Gaudchau, M. Schneider, and F. Pank, “Investigation of heavy metal accumulation in various medicinal plants and linseed”, in Proc. International symposium. Breeding research on medicinal and aromatic plants, Quedlinburg, Germany, 1996, vol. 2, pp.381-384.
[33] V. D. Zheljazkov, N. E. Nielsen, L. E. Craker, L. Nolan, and K. Shetty, “Growing clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) in heavy metal-polluted areas”, Acta-Horticulturae, vol. 426, pp.309-328, 1996.
[34] V. Angelova, K. Ivanov R. Ivanova, “Heavy metal content in plants from family Lamiaceae cultivated in an industrially polluted region”, J Herbs Spi Med Plants, vol. 11(4), pp. 37–46, 2006.
[35] Soil quality - Extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia. ISO 11466, 1995.
[36] Soil quality -- Extraction of trace elements by buffered DTPA solution. ISO 14780, 2001.
[37] Essential oil from Salvia Sclarea L. BDS 17399,1998.
[38] M. S. Liphadzi, and M. B. Kirkham, “Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals: a technology for rehabilitation of the environment”, South African Journal of Botany, vol. 71, pp.24–37, 2005
[39] S. Chand, M. Yaseen, and D. D. Rajkumari, “Application of Heavy Metal Rich Tannery Sludge on Sustainable Growth, Yield and Metal Accumulation by Clarysage (Salvia sclarea L.)”, International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 17(12), pp.1171-1176, 2015
[40] K. Szentmihályi1, É. Héthelyi, V. Virága, and M. Then, “Mineral elements in muscat sage plant (Salvia sclarea L.) and essential oil”, Acta Biologica Szegediensis, vol. 53(Suppl.1), pp.35-38, 2009.
[41] R.W. Scora, and A. C. Chang, “Essential oil quality and heavy metal concentrations of peppermint grown on a municipal sludge-amended soils”, J Environ Qual., vol. 26, pp.975–979, 1997.
[42] G. Sengalevitch, “Problems of heavy metals contamination and using the agricultural lands in the region of KCM - AD – Plovdiv”, Prilozenie za ekologia kam bjuletin KCM, vol.1, pp. 10-17, 1999.
[43] National Research Council (NRC), Nutrient requirements of sheep. 6th ed. Washington DC, National Academic Press, 1985, pp. 17–18.
[44] S. Cui, Q. Zhou, and L. Chao, “Potential hyper-accumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in endurant plants distributed in an old smeltery, northeast China’, Environmental Geology, vol.51, pp.1043-1048, 2007.
[45] C. Branquinho, H.C. Serrano, M.J. Pinto, and M. A. Martins- Loucao, “Revisiting the plant hyperaccumulation criteria to rare plants and earth abundant elements”, Environmental pollution, vol.146, pp.437-443, 2007.
[46] C.Garbisu, and Alkorta, “Phytoextraction: a cost effective plant based technology for the removal of metals from the environment”, Biore Tec., vol.77, pp.229–236, 2001.
[47] I. Stancheva, M. Geneva, M. Hristozkova, Y. Markovska and I. Salamon, “Antioxidant capacity of sage grown on heavy metal-polluted soil”, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., vol. 57, pp.799-805, 2010.
[48] T. Adhikari, and M. V. Singh, “Sorption characteristics of chromium and its phyto –toxic effect with or without city compost on maize and spinach in a vertisol of Central India”, Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal., vol. 38, pp.1503–1518, 2007.
[49] J. Dong, F. Wn, and G. Zhang, “Effect of cadmium on growth and photosynthesis of tomato seedlings”, J Zhejiang Uni Sci. B, vol. 6(10), pp. 974–980, 2005.
[50] G. R. Rout, S. Samantaray, and P. Das, “Differential chromium tolerance among eight mung bean cultivars grown in nutrient culture”, J Plant Nut., vol. 20, pp.473–483, 1997.
[51] European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. 6th ed, Strasbourg, France 2008.
[52] Anonimous, Essential oils. Analysis by gas chromatography on capillary columns. General method. BDS ISO 7609,1994
[53] F. S. Sharopov, and W. N. Setzer, “The Essential Oil of Salvia sclarea L. from Tajikistan”, Rec. Nat. Prod., vol. 6, pp.75-79, 2012.
[54] D. D. Patra, M. Anwar, and S. Chand, “Integrated nutrient management and waste recycling for restoring soil fertility and productivity of Japanese mint and mustard cropping sequence in Uttar Pradesh, India”, Agri Ecosys Environ., vol. 80, pp. 267–275, 2000.
[55] J. Cai, P. Lin, X. Zhu, and Q. Su, “Comparative analysis of clary sage (S. sclarea L.) oil volatiles by GC-FTIR and GC-MS”, Food Chem., vol.99, pp.401-407, 2006.
[56] G. J. Huang, C. H. Pan and C. H. Wu, “Sclareol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in both lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model”, J. Nat. Prod., vol. 75, pp.54-59, 2012.
[57] M. Sienkiewicz, A. Głowacka, K. Poznańska-Kurowska, A. Kaszuba, A. Urbaniak, and E. Kowalczyk, “The effect of clary sage oil on staphylococci responsible for wound infections”, Postepy Dermatol Alergol.,vol. 32(1), pp. 21–26, 2015.