Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 33122
Multidimensional Sports Spectators Segmentation and Social Media Marketing
Authors: B. Schmid, C. Kexel, E. Djafarova
Abstract:
Understanding consumers is elementary for practitioners in marketing. Consumers of sports events, the sports spectators, are a particularly complex consumer crowd. In order to identify and define their profiles different segmentation approaches can be found in literature, one of them being multidimensional segmentation. Multidimensional segmentation models correspond to the broad range of attitudes, behaviours, motivations and beliefs of sports spectators, other than earlier models. Moreover, in sports there are some well-researched disciplines (e.g. football or North American sports) where consumer profiles and marketing strategies are elaborate and others where no research at all can be found. For example, there is almost no research on athletics spectators. This paper explores the current state of research on sports spectators segmentation. An in-depth literature review provides the framework for a spectators segmentation in athletics. On this basis, additional potential consumer groups and implications for social media marketing will be explored. The findings are the basis for further research.Keywords: Multidimensional segmentation, social media, sports marketing, sports spectators segmentation.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1125861
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 2617References:
[1] Bühler, A., & Nufer, G. (2013). Marketing im Sport In G. Nufer & A. Bühler (Eds.), Marketing im Sport - Grundlagen und Trends des modernen Sportmarketing. 3., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
[2] Tapp, A. & Clowes, J. (2002). From “carefree casuals” to “professional wanderers”: Segmentation possibilities for football supporters. European Journal of Marketing, 36(11/12), 1248-1269.
[3] Bodet, G. (2015). The Spectator’s perspective. In M. Parent & J. Chappelet (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge.
[4] Bodet, G., & Bernache-Assollant, I. (2012). Sport spectators' segmentation. In L. Robinson, P. Chelladurai, G. Bodet & P. Downward (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Sport Management. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge.
[5] Digel, H. (2009). IAAF New Studies in Athletics, 24(2), 67-69.
[6] Holt, D.B. (1995). How consumers consume: A typology of consumption practices. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 1-16.
[7] Stewart, B., Smith, A. C. T., & Nicholson, M. (2003). Sport consumer typologies: a critical review. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12, 206-216.
[8] Boyle, R., & Haynes, R. (2000). Sport, the media, and pop culture. Harlow: Pearson Education
[9] Clarke, J. (1978). Football and working class fans. In R. Ingham, S. Hall, J. Clarke, P. Mann & J. Donovan (Eds.). Football hooliganism: The wider context. London: Inter-action Imprint.
[10] Ferrand, A., & Pages, M. (1996). Football supporter involvement: Explaining football match loyalty. European Journal for Sport Management, 3(1), 7-20.
[11] Nash, R. (2000). Contestation in modern English football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(4), 439-452.
[12] Quick, S. (2000). Contemporary sport consumers: Some implications of linking fan typology with key spectator variables. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(3), 149-156.
[13] Bristow, D., & Sebastian, R. (2001). Holy cow! Wait ‘til next year! A closer look at the brand loyalty of Chicago Cubs baseball fans. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(3), 256-275.
[14] Hughson, J. (1999). A tale of two tribes: expressive fandom in fandom in Australia’s A-league. Culture, Sport, Society, 11-30.
[15] Lewis, M. (2001). Franchise relocation and fan allegiance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 25(1), 6-19.
[16] Clowes, J., & Tapp, A. (1999). Market segmentation in football clubs: An empirical investigation. Paper presented at the European Association for Sport Management conference, Thessaloniki, Greece.
[17] Kahle, L., Kambra, K., & Rose, M. (1996). A functional model of fan attendance motivation for college football. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 5, 51-60.
[18] Mullin, B., Hardy, S., & Sutton, W. (1993). Sport marketing (1st ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
[19] Sutton, W. A., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, A. J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sport. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(1), 15-29.
[20] Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with the team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1-17.
[21] McDonald, M., & Milne, G. (1997). Conceptual framework for evaluating marketing relationships in professional sport franchises. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(2), 27-34.
[22] Smith, A., & Stewart, B. (1999). Sports management: A guide to professional practice. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
[23] Hunt, K. A., Bristol, T., & Bashaw, R. E. (1999). A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Services Marketing, 13, 439-452.
[24] Mahony, D. F., Madrigal, R., & Howard, D. R. (2000). Using the psychological commitment to team (PCT) scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(1), 15-25.
[25] Funk, D.C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual's psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119-150.
[26] Gladden, J.M., & Funk, D.C. (2001). Understanding brand loyalty in professional sport: Examining the link between brand associations and loyalty. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 3, 1-67.
[27] Nichols, W. (2014). Wirksam Werben. Harvard Business Manager, 1, 6-15.
[28] Pedersen, P., Parks, J., Quarterman, J., & Thibault, L., (2010). Contemporary sport management (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
[29] Witkemper, C., Lim, C. H., & Waldburger, A. (2012). Social Media and Sports Marketing: Examining the Motivations and Constraints of Twitter Users. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 21, 170-183.
[30] Dionisio, P., Leal, C., & Moutinho, L. (2008). Fandom affiliation and tribal behaviour: a sports marketing application. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 11(1), 17-39.
[31] Drury, G. (2008). Opinion piece: Social media: Should marketers engage and how can it be done effectively. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 9, 274-277.
[32] Santomier, J. (2008). New Media, Branding And Global Sports Sponsorship. International Journal Of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 10(1), 15-28.
[33] Ballouli, K., & Hutchinson, M. (2010). Digital-branding and social-media strategies for professional athletes, sports teams, and leagues: An interview with Digital Royalty's Amy Martin. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 395-401.
[34] Pegoraro, A. (2010). Look who's talking - Athletes on Twitter: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 501-514.
[35] Sheffer, M. L, & Schultz, B. (2010a). An exploratory study of how Twitter is affecting sports journalism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 2, 226-239.
[36] Sheffer, M. L, & Schultz, B. (2010b). Paradigm shift or passing fad? Twitter and sport journalism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 472-484.
[37] Williams, I., & Chinn, S. J. (2010). Meeting relationship-marketing goals through social media: A conceptual model for sport marketers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 422-437
[38] Clavio, G. (2011). Social Media and the College Football Audience. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 4, 309-325.
[39] Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., & Reid, I. (2013). Relationship Marketing and Social Media in Sport. Journal of Sport Communication, 6, 120-142.
[40] Cova, B., & Cova, V. (2002). Tribal marketing: The tribalisation of society and its impact on the conduct of marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 36(5/6), 595-620.
[41] Mitchell, C., & Imrie, B. C. (2011). Consumer tribes: membership, consumption and building loyalty. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(1), 39-56.
[42] Cova, B., Kozinets, R., & Shankar, A. (2012). Consumer tribes. Routledge.
[43] Hedlund, D. P. (2014). Creating value through membership and participation in sport fan consumption communities. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(1), 50-71.
[44] Taute, H., & Sierra, J. (2014). Brand tribalism: an anthropological perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(1), 2-15.
[45] IAAF (2015). IAAF World Championships, Beijing 2015. Press Release. Retrieved from http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/news/beijing-2015-diack-coe-press-conference
[46] Stollenwerk, H. (1988). IAAF New Studies in Athletics, 3(2), 27-36.
[47] Williamson, N. (1988). IAAF New Studies in Athletics, 3(2), 41-46.
[48] Adamson, G., Jones, W., & Tapp, A. (2006). From CRM to FRM: Applying CRM in the football industry. The Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 13 (2), 156-172.
[49] Stavros, C., Meng, M. D., Westberg, K. & Farrelly, F. (2014). Understanding fan motivation for interacting on social media. Sport Management Review 17, 455-469.