Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Authors: Violina R. Angelova, Mariana N. Perifanova-Nemska, Galina P. Uzunova, Elitsa N. Kolentsova

Abstract:

Comparative research has been conducted to allow us to determine the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cd) in the vegetative and reproductive organs of safflower, and to identify the possibility of its growth on soils contaminated by heavy metals and efficacy for phytoremediation. The experiment was performed on an agricultural field contaminated by the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (MFMW) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The experimental plots were situated at different distances (0.1, 0.5, 2.0, and 15 km) from the source of pollution. The contents of heavy metals in plant materials (roots, stems, leaves, seeds) were determined. The quality of safflower oils (heavy metals and fatty acid composition) was also determined. The quantitative measurements were carried out with inductively-coupled plasma (ICP). Safflower is a plant that is tolerant to heavy metals and can be referred to the hyperaccumulators of lead and cadmium and the accumulators of zinc. The plant can be successfully used in the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. The processing of safflower seeds into oil and the use of the obtained oil will greatly reduce the cost of phytoremediation.

Keywords: Heavy metals, phytoremediation, polluted soils, safflower.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1125493

References:

[1] A. P. G. C. Marques, R.S. Oliveira, A. O. S. S. Rangel, and P. M. L.Castro, “Application of manure and compost to contaminated soils and its effect on zinc accumulation by Solanum nigrum inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”, Environmental Pollution, vol.151, pp.608–620, 2008.
[2] R. L. Chaney, M. Malik, Y. M. Li, S. L. Brown, E. P. Brewer, J. S. Angle, and A. J. M Baker, “Phytoremediation of soil metals”, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.8, pp.279–284,1997.
[3] J. Ciura, M. Poniedzialek, A. Sekara and E. Jedrszezyk, “The possibility of using crops as metal phytoremediants”, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol.14, pp.17-22, 2005.
[4] M. L. Lone, L. H. Zhen, J. S. Peter, and E. Y. Xiao, “Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives”, Journal Zhejiang University Science Bulletin, vol.9, pp.210-220, 2010.
[5] J. L. Schnoor, “Phytoremediation”, Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Technology Evaluation Report TE-98-01, 37, 1997.
[6] M. Komarek, P. Tlustos, J. Szakova, W. Richner, M. Brodbeck, and M. Sennhauser, “The use of maize and poplar in chelant-enhanced phytoextraction of lead from contaminated agricultural soils”, Chemosphere, vol.67, pp.640–651, 2007.
[7] A. Fässler, B.H. Robinson, S.K. Gupta, and R. Schulin, "Uptake and allocation of plant nutrients and Cd in maize, safflower and tobacco growing on contaminated soil and the effect of soil conditioners under field conditions”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.87, pp.339-352, 2010.
[8] E.A.Weiss, Oilseed Crops (second edition), Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2000.
[9] S. D. Koutroubas, and D.K. Papadoska, “Adaptation, grain yield and oil content of safflower in Greece”, VIth International Safflower Conference, Istanbul 6-10 June 2005, pp.161-167, 2005.
[10] V. Heuzé, G. Tran, P. Chapoutot, D. Bastianelli, F. Lebas, and D. Renaudeau, “Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal”. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO, 2012.
[11] A. Hammed Ansari, “Note on the status of research on safflower cultivation in Sindh province of Pakistan”, in Sesame and Safflower Newsletter, J. Fernández- Martínez, Ed. Spain: IAS, 2002, 17, pp. 76-78
[12] Karakaya, A., D. Başalma, and S. Uranbey, “Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes to rust disease”, Ankara Univ., Faculty of Agriculture, Journal of Agricultural Sciences,vol.10, pp. 93-95, 2004.
[13] Soil quality - Extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia. ISO 11466, 1995.
[14] P. N. Soltanpour, and A.P. Schwab, “A new soil test of macro- and micro-nutrients in alkaline soils”, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Analysis, vol. 8, pp.195-207, 1977.
[15] Animal and vegetable fat and oils – Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. ISO 5509, 2000.
[16] Animal and vegetable fat and oils – Determination of methyl esters of fatty acids (Gas chromatographic method). ISO 5508, 2000.
[17] S.H. Namdjoyan, R. A. Khavari-Nejad, F. Bernard, T. Nejadsattari, and H. Shaker, “Antioxidant defense mechanisms in response to cadmium treatments in two safflower cultivars”. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.58, pp.467-477, 2011.
[18] S. Namjooyan, R. KhavarI-Nejad1, F. Bernard, S. Namdjoyan, and H. Piri. The effect of cadmium on growth and antioxidant responses in the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turk J Agric For, 36 (2012) 145-152.
[19] N. Pourghasemian, P. Ehsanzadeh, and M. Greger, “Genotypic variation in safflower (Carthamus spp) cadmium accumulation and tolerance affected by temperature and cadmium levels”, Environmental and experimental botany, v. 87, pp. 218-226, 2013.
[20] G. Sayyad, M. Afyuni, S.F. Mousavi, K.C. Abbaspour, M.A. Hajabbasi, B. K. Richards, and R. Schulin, “Effects of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc contamination on metal accumulation by safflower and wheat”, Soil Sediment Contamination,vol. 18, pp. 216-228, 2009.
[21] H. J. Hapke, ”Metal accumulation in the food chain and load offeed and food” in Metals and their Compounds in the Environment.Occurrence, Analysis, and Biological Relevance, E. Merian, Ed. New York: VCH Weinheim, 1991, pp. 469-479.
[22] R. L. Chaney, “Toxic element accumulation in soils and crops: protecting soil fertility and agricultural food-chains”, in Inorganic contaminants in the Vadose Zone, B. Bar-Yosef, N. J. Barrow, J. Goldshmid, Eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp.140 –158.
[23] J. Osorio, J. Fernandez-Martinez, M. Mancha, and R. Garcés, “Mutant safflower with high concentration of saturated fatty acids in the oil”, Crop Sci., vol. 35, pp. 739-742, 1995.
[24] L. Velasco, and J. M. Fernandez-Martinez, “Breeding for oil quality in safflower”, J. W. Bergman, H.H. Mündel Eds. in Proceedings of the 5th International Safflower Conference. Williston, North Dakota and Sidney, Montana, USA, 2001, pp.133-137.
[25] R. P. Mensink, E. H. M. Temme, and G. Hornstra (1994) “Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and lipoprotein metabolism”, Ann. Med., vol. 26, pp. 461—464, 1994.
[26] M. Penumetcha, M. Khan, and S. Parthasarathy, “Dietary oxidized fatty acids: an atherogenic risk”, J. Lip. Res., vol. 41, 1473-1480, 2000.
[27] Y. C. Lee, S.W. Oha, J. Changa, and I. H. Kimb, “Chemical composition and oxidative stability of safflower oil prepared from safflower seed roasted with different temperatures”, Food Chem., vol. 84, pp.1–6, 2004.
[28] E. S. Bassil, and S.R. Kaffka. “Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to saline soils and irrigation: I. Consumptive water use”, Agric. Water Manag.,vol. 54, pp. 67- 80, 2002.
[29] A. B. Rahamatalla, E.E. Babiker, A.G. Krishna, and A.H. El Tinay, “Changes in fatty acids composition during seed growth and physicochemical characteristics of oil extracted from four safflower cultivars”, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, vol. 56, pp.385–395, 2001.
[30] Z. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “Studies on adaptability of safflower germplasms in Xinjiang, China”, VIth International Safflower Conference, Istanbul 6-10 June 2005, pp.132-139 2005.
[31] P. B. Gawand, S.I. Tambe, and B.N.Reddy, “Evaluation of productivity of safflower cultivars under moisture and nutrient management in rainfeed vertisols”. VIth International Safflower Conference, Istanbul 6-10 June 2005, pp. 205-209, 2005.
[32] B. Arslan, and M. Küçük, “Oil content and fatty acid composition of some safflower cultivars in Van (Turkey)”, VIth International Safflower Conference, Istanbul 6-10 June 2005, pp.167-175, 2005.
[33] L. Marchiol, S. Assolari, P Sacco, and G. Zerbi, “Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola (Brasssica napus) and radish (Rapanus sativus) grown on multicontaminated soil”. Environ. Pollut., vol.132, pp. 21 – 27, 2004.
[34] M. W. H. Evangelou, S. Kutschinski – Kloss, M. Ebel, and A. Schaeffer, “Potential of Borago officinalis, Sinapsis alba L. and Phacelia boratus for phytoremediation of Cd and Pb from soil”, Water Air Soil Pollut., vol.8, pp. 407 – 416, 2007.