An Overview of the Risk for HIV/AIDS among Young Women in South Africa: Gender Based Violence

Authors: Shaneil Taylor

Abstract:

Gender-based violence is a reflection of the inequalities that are associated within a society between the men and women that affects the health, dignity, security and autonomy of its victims. There are various determinants that contribute to the health risk of young women who have experienced sexual violence, in countries that have a high prevalence rate for HIV. For instance, in South Africa, where the highest prevalence rate for HIV is among young women, their susceptibility to the virus has been increased by sexual violence and cultural inequalities. Therefore, this study is a review of literature that explores how gender-based violence increases the possibility for HIV/AIDS among young women in South Africa.

Keywords: Gender based violence, HIV/AIDS transmission, young women, Risky sexual behavior.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123877

References:

[1] UNAIDS, “World AIDS Day 2014 Report - Fact sheet,” 2014, from http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/World-AIDS-Day-Report-2014/factsheet
[2] World Health Organization, “World health statistics 2014. World Health Organization,” 2014, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/ 112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf
[3] C. O. Airhihenbuwa, “On being comfortable with being uncomfortable: centering an Africanist vision in our gateway to global health. Health education & behavior.” 2006.
[4] Avert, “Impact of HIV on Sub-Saharan Africa,” 2014, http://www.avert.org/impact-hiv-and-aids-sub-saharan-africa.htm#footnote1_w9r5zex
[5] E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, & J. Ghosh, “HIV and AIDS in Africa: beyond epidemiology,” 2004, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
[6] M. Rogan, M. Hynie, M. Casale, S. Nixon, S. Flicker, G. Jobson, & S. Dawad, “The effects of gender and socioeconomic status on youth sexual-risk norms: evidence from a poor urban community in South Africa,” 2010, in African Journal of AIDS Research, vol. 9, no. 4, 355-366.
[7] J. UNAIDS, “Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2014,” 2014, UNAIDS Geneva, from http://www.unaids.org/ sites/default/files/media_asset/GARPR_2014_guidelines_en_0.pdf
[8] J. Vearey, M. Richter, L. Núñez, & K. Moyo, “South African HIV/AIDS programming overlooks migration, urban livelihoods, and informal workplaces,” 2011, in African Journal of AIDS Research, vol. 10, no. sup1, pp. 381-391.
[9] C. Haub, J. Gribble, & L. Jacobsen, “World Population Data Sheet 2011,” 2011, Population Reference Bureau, Washington.
[10] AIDS Foundation of South Africa, “HIV in South Africa,” 2015, http://www.aids.org.za/hivaids-in-south-africa/
[11] Avert, “History of HIV & AIDS in South Africa,” 2014, http://www.avert.org/history-hiv-aids-south-africa.htm
[12] E. Lule, R. Seifman, & A. C. David, “The changing HIV/AIDS landscape: selected papers for the World Bank's agenda for action in Africa, 2007-2011,” 2009, Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
[13] R. Morrell, “Fathers, fatherhood and masculinity in South Africa,” 2006, BABA, men and fatherhood in South Africa, 13-25.
[14] J. Seeley, R. Grellier, & T. Barnett, “Gender and HIV/AIDS impact mitigation in sub-Saharan Africa-recognising the constraints: original article,” 2004, in SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 87.
[15] E. Y. Tenkorang, F. Rajulton, & E. Maticka-Tyndale, “Perceived risks of HIV/AIDS and first sexual intercourse among youth in Cape Town, South Africa,” 2009, in AIDS and Behavior, vol. 13, no. 2, 234-245. Doi: 10.1007/s10461-008-9470-5
[16] J.C. Campbell, “Health consequences of intimate partner violence,” 2002, in The Lancet, vol. 359, no. 9314, 1331-1336.
[17] K. L. Dunkle., R. K. Jewkes, H. C. Brown, G. E. Gray, J. A. McIntryre, & S. D. Harlow, “Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa,” 2004, in The Lancet, vol. 363, no. 9419, 1415-1421.
[18] C. Garcia-Moreno, H. A. Jansen, M. Ellsberg, L. Heise, & C. H. Watts, “Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence,” 2006, in The Lancet, vol. 368, no. 9543, 1260-1269.
[19] R. K. Jewkes, K. Dunkle, M. Nduna, & N. Shai, “Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study,” 2010, in The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9734, 41-48.
[20] R. Jewkes, “Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention,” 2002, in The Lancet, vol. 359, no. 9315, 1423-1429.
[21] E. V. Pitpitan, S. C. Kalichman, L. A. Eaton, D. Cain, K. J. Sikkema, D. Skinner, …& D. Pieterse, “Gender-based violence, alcohol use, and sexual risk among female patrons of drinking venues in Cape Town, South Africa,” 2013, in Journal of behavioral medicine, vol. 36, no. 3, 295-304.
[22] J. K. Stockman, H. Hayashi, & J. C. Campbell, “Intimate partner violence and its health impact on ethnic minority women,” 2014, in Journal of Women's Health.
[23] World Health Organization, “Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence,” 2013, World Health Organization from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/ 1/9789241564625_eng.pdf
[24] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “HIV among women, Atlanta, CDC” 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk_women.pdf
[25] K. Fustos, “Gender-based violence increases risk of HIV/AIDS for women in sub-Saharan Africa,” 2011.
[26] Victims of Crime Survey, (2014), from http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/ publications/P0341/P03412013.pdf
[27] S. Africa, “Global Aids Response Progress Report,” 2012 http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2011/JC2215_Global_AIDS_Response_Progress_Reporting_en.pdf
[28] B. Khumalo, S. Msimang, & K. Bollbach, “Too costly to ignore- A KPMG report about violence against women in South Africa,” 2014, from http://www.kpmg.com/za/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/general-industries-publications/pages/too-costly-to-ignore.aspx.
[29] Rape Crisis. “Rape in South Africa,” 2015, in http://rapecrisis.org.za/rape-in-south-africa/
[30] R. Jewkes, & R. Morrell, “Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention,” 2010, in Journal of the International AIDS Society, vol. 13, no. 1, 6.
[31] J. Keesbury, & I. Askew, “Comprehensive responses to gender based violence in low-resource settings: Lessons learned from implementation,” 2010.
[32] G. Ramjee, & B. Daniels, “Women and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa,” 2013, in AIDS research and therapy, vol. 10, no. 1, 30.
[33] K. Wood, F. Maforah, & R. Jewkes, ‘“He forced me to love him”: putting violence on adolescent sexual health agendas,” 1998, in Social science & medicine, vol. 47, no. 2, 233-242. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00057-4.
[34] D. Bhana. & R. Pattman, “Researching South African youth, gender and sexuality within the context of HIV/AIDS,” 2009, in Development, vol. 52, no. 1, 68-74.
[35] G. R. Gupta, “How men's power over women fuels the HIV epidemic: It limits women's ability to control sexual interactions,” 2002, in BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 324, no. 7331, 183.
[36] R. K. Jewkes, J. B. Levin, & L. A. Penn-Kekana, “Gender inequalities, intimate partner violence and HIV preventive practices: findings of a South African cross-sectional study,” 2003, in Social science & medicine, vol. 56, no. 1, 125-134.
[37] A. Strebel, M. Crawford, T. Shefer, A., Cloete, N. Henda, M. Kaufman, ... & S. Kalichman, “Social constructions of gender roles, gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in two communities of the Western Cape, South Africa: original article,” 2006, in SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 516.
[38] J. Baxen & A. Breidlid, “HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: understanding the implications of culture & context,” 2009, Juta and Company Ltd.
[39] The API Institute on Domestic Violence (APIIDV), “Patriarchy & Power,” 2014, from http://www.apiidv.org/violence/patriarchy-power.php.
[40] C. Ekeopara, & E. Ekeke, “The relevance of African traditional religion in an HIV/AIDS environment,” 2011, in Research Journal of International Studies, vol. 19.
[41] M. Jukes, S. Simmons, & D. Bundy, “Education and vulnerability: the role of schools in protecting young women and girls from HIV in southern Africa,” 2008, in Aids, vol. 22, S41-S56.
[42] A. E. Pettifor, H. V. Rees, A. Steffenson, L. Hlongwa-Madikizela, & C. MacPhail, “HIV and sexual behaviour among young South Africans: a national survey of 15-24 year olds,” 2004.
[43] G. R. Gupta, “Gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: The what, the why, and the how,” 2000, in Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev, vol. 5, no. 4, 86-93.
[44] E. Y. Tenkorang, & S. Obeng Gyimah, “Physical abuse in early childhood and transition to first sexual intercourse among youth in Cape Town, South Africa,” 2012, in Journal of sex research, vol. 49, no. 5, 508-517.
[45] S. Krishnan, M. S. Dunbar, A. M. Minnis, C. A. Medlin, C. E. Gerdts, & N. S. Padian, “Poverty, gender inequities, and women's risk of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS,” 2008, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1136, no. 1, 101-110.
[46] O. Shisana, T. Rehle, L. C. Simbayi, K. Zuma, N. Jooste, S. Zungu, & S. Ramlagan, “South African national HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, 2012,” 2014, Cape Town.
[47] Firstrand Foundation, “Reframing interventions to end gender-based violence in South Africa,” 2014, http://www.tshikululu.org.za/uploads/ files/FR_CSI_that_Works_GBV_Research_Report_final_Feb_2014.pdf