Selection of Wind Farms to Add Virtual Inertia Control to Assist the Power System Frequency Regulation

Authors: W. Du, X. Wang, Jun Cao, H. F. Wang

Abstract:

Due to the randomness and uncertainty of wind energy, modern power systems integrating large-scale wind generation will be significantly impacted in terms of system performance and technical challenges. System inertia with high wind penetration is decreasing when conventional thermal generators are gradually replaced by wind turbines, which do not naturally contribute to inertia response. The power imbalance caused by wind power or demand fluctuations leads to the instability of system frequency. Accordingly, the need to attach the supplementary virtual inertia control to wind farms (WFs) strongly arises. When multi-wind farms are connected to the grid simultaneously, the selection of which critical WFs to install the virtual inertia control is greatly important to enhance the stability of system frequency. By building the small signal model of wind power systems considering frequency regulation, the installation locations are identified by the geometric measures of the mode observability of WFs. In addition, this paper takes the impacts of grid topology and selection of feedback control signals into consideration. Finally, simulations are conducted on a multi-wind farms power system and the results demonstrate that the designed virtual inertia control method can effectively assist the frequency regulation.

Keywords: Frequency regulation, virtual inertia control, installation locations, observability, wind farms.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1112262

References:

[1] M. Tsili, S. Papathanassiou. “A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms”, IET Renew. Power Generation, vol. 3, pp. 308–332, Sept. 2009.
[2] J. Morren, J. Pierik, S. W. H. de Haan. “Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines”, Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 76, pp. 980–987, Jul. 2006.
[3] G. Ramtharan, J. B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins. “Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines”, IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 1, pp. 3–9, Mar. 2007.
[4] R. G. de Almeida, E. D. Castronuovo, J. A. Peas Lopes. “Optimum generation control in wind parks when carrying out system operator requests”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, pp. 718–725, May. 2006.
[5] N. R. Ullah, T. Thiringer, D. Karlsson. “Temporary primary frequency control support by variable speed wind turbines—potential and applications”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, pp. 601–612, May. 2008.
[6] K. V. Vidyanandan, N. Senroy. “Primary frequency regulation by deloaded wind turbines using variable droop”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, pp. 837–846, May. 2013.
[7] J. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins. “Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, pp. 800–802, Dec. 2004.
[8] J. Morren, S.W.H. de Haan, W. L. Kling, J. A. Ferreira. “Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, pp. 433–434, Feb. 2006.
[9] D. Margaris, S. A. Papathanassiou, N. D. Hatziargyriou, A. D. Hansen, P. Sørensen. “Frequency control in autonomous power systems with high wind power penetration”. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 3, pp. 189–199, Apr. 2012.
[10] M. F. M. Arani, E. F. El-Saadany. “Implementing virtual inertia in DFIG-based wind power generation”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, pp.1373–1384, May. 2013.
[11] Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Li, Z. Su. “Comparison of inertia control methods for DFIG-based wind turbines”, Proc. IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder (ECCE Asia), Jun. 2013, pp. 960–964.
[12] S. Wang, J. Hu, X. Yuan. “Virtual synchronous control for grid-connected DFIG-based wind turbines”, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, to be published.
[13] D. Banham-Hall，G. Taylor, C. Smith, M. Irving. “Flow batteries for enhancing wind power integration”, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol. 27, pp. 1690-1697, Aug. 2012.
[14] Y. Zhang, et al. “Wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET) architecture and applications”, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, pp. 159–168, Sept. 2010.
[15] M. A. Tabrizi. “Participation of non-conventional energy resources in power system frequency control”, Ph.D. dissertation, Tennessee Technological University, 2013.
[16] M. W. Baldwin, Y. Liu, F. M. Nurogru. “Generator outage identification by use of electromechanical state-space modal analysis”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol.29, pp.1831-1838, Jul. 2014.
[17] P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai. Power System Dynamics and Stability. Hong Kong: Pearson Education Asia, First Indian Reprint, 2002.