Smart Power Scheduling to Reduce Peak Demand and Cost of Energy in Smart Grid

Authors: Hemant I. Joshi, Vivek J. Pandya

Abstract:

This paper discusses the simulation and experimental work of small Smart Grid containing ten consumers. Smart Grid is characterized by a two-way flow of real-time information and energy. RTP (Real Time Pricing) based tariff is implemented in this work to reduce peak demand, PAR (peak to average ratio) and cost of energy consumed. In the experimental work described here, working of Smart Plug, HEC (Home Energy Controller), HAN (Home Area Network) and communication link between consumers and utility server are explained. Algorithms for Smart Plug, HEC, and utility server are presented and explained in this work. After receiving the Real Time Price for different time slots of the day, HEC interacts automatically by running an algorithm which is based on Linear Programming Problem (LPP) method to find the optimal energy consumption schedule. Algorithm made for utility server can handle more than one off-peak time period during the day. Simulation and experimental work are carried out for different cases. At the end of this work, comparison between simulation results and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the minimization method adopted.

Keywords: Smart Grid, Real Time Pricing, Peak to Average Ratio, Home Area Network, Home Energy Controller, Smart Plug, Utility Server, Linear Programming Problem.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1112013

References:

[1] Pathirikkat Gopakumar, M. Jaya Bharata Reddy, and Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta: ‘Letter to the Editor: Stability Concerns in Smart Grid with Emerging Renewable Energy Technologies’, Electric Power Components and Systems, Taylor and Francis, 42(3–4): pp 418–425, 2014, published online on 5th Feb, 2014.
[2] Yu Wang, Shiwen Mao and A.M. Nelms: ‘Online Algorithm for Optimal Real-Time Energy Distribution in the Smart Grid’, IEEE Transaction on Emerging Topics in Computing, volume 1, pp 10-21, July 2013.
[3] Mohamed E. El-Hawary: ‘The Smart Grid—State-of-the-art and Future Trends’, Electric Power Components and Systems, taylor and Francis, 42(3–4):239-250, 2014.
[4] Raja Verma, Patroklos Argyroudis, Donal O’Mahony: ‘Matching Electricity Supply and Demand Using Smart Meters and Home Automation’, Conference on Sustainable Alternative Energy (SAE), IEEE PES/IAS, Sep 2009, pp 1-7.
[5] Jonathan wang, Biviji M., W Maria Wang: ‘Case Studies of Smart Grid Demand Response Programs in North America’, Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) 2011, IEEE PES, 17-19 Jan 2011, pp 1-5.
[6] Suyang Zhou, Zhi Wu, Jianing Li and Xiao-ping Zhang: ‘Real Time Energy Control Approach for Smart Home Energy Management System’, Electric Power Components and Systems, taylor and Francis, 42(3–4): pp 315-326, published online on 5th Feb, 2014.
[7] Shalineekishore, Lawrence V. Snyder: ‘Control Mechanisms for Residential Electricity Demand in SmartGrids, Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)’, First IEEE International Conference on, Gaithersburg, MD, 4-6 October 2010, pp 443-448.
[8] Chen-Chen, Shalineekishore, Lawrence V. Snyder: ‘An Innovative RTP-Based Residential Power Scheduling Scheme for Smart Grids, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)’, Prague, 22-27 may 2011, pp 5556-5569.
[9] Amir-Hameed Mohsenian-Rad, Alberto Leon-garcia: ‘Optimal Residential Load Control with Price Prediction in Real Time Electricity Pricing Environments’, Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:1, Issue: 2 ), September 2010, pp 120-133.
[10] Amir-Hameed Mohsenian-Rad, Vincent W.S. Wong, Juri Jatskewiich, Robert Schobber, et al: ‘Autonomous Demand-Side Management based on Game-Theoretic Energy Consumption Scheduling for Future Smart Grid’, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:1, Issue: 3), December 2010, pp 320-331.
[11] Yu wang, Shiwen Mao and A.M. Nelms: ‘Online Algorithm for Optimal Real-Time Energy Distribution in the Smart Grid’, IEEE Transaction on Emerging Topics in Computing, volume 1, pp 10-21, July 2013.
[12] Ye Yan, Yi Quin, Hamid Sharif and David Tipper: ‘A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges’, Communications Surveys and Tutorials, IEEE. Issue 99, p.p. 1-16., Feb 2012.
[13] Zubair Md. Fadlullaf, Yousuke Nozaki, Akira Takeuchi and Nei Kato: ‘A Survey of Game Theoretic Approaches in Smart Grid’, International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China, pp 1-4,9-11 Nov. 2011
[14] Tarek Khalifa, Kshirasagar Naik and Amiya Nayak: ‘A Survey of Communication Protocols for Automatic Meter Reading Applications’, IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, vol. 13, NO. 2, second quarter 2011, p.p.168-182.
[15] Chen-Chen, Shalineekishore, Lawrence V. Snyder: ‘An Innovative RTP-Based Residential Power Scheduling Scheme for Smart Grids’, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp 5556-5569, Prague, 22-27 May 2011.
[16] Gang Xiong, Chen Chen, Shalinee Kishore, et al: ‘Smart (In-home) Power Scheduling for Demand Response on the Smart Grid’, Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) 2011, IEEE, Jan 2011, p.p. 1-7.
[17] Hengsongwang, Qi Huang: ‘A Novel Structure for Smart Grid Oriented to Low-Carbon Energy”, Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) 2011, IEEE PES, pp. 1-8, 17-19 Jan 2011.
[18] Shengnan Shao, Manisa Pipattanasomporn, and Saifur Rahman: ‘Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles and Demand Response with Customer Choice’, IEEE transactions on smart grid, vol. 3, no. 1, March 2012, pp 543-550.
[19] Hemant Joshi, Vivek Pandya: ‘Optimal RTP Based Power Scheduling for Residential Load in Smart Grid’, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series B (Springer), p.p. 1-7, Oct 2014.
[20] Dimitris Bertsimas, John N. Tsitsiklis: ‘Introduction to Linear Optimization’, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Athena Scientific, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA, 1997, 1st edition, pp 1-20.