Knowing Where the Learning Is a Shift from Summative to Formative Assessment
Authors: Eric Ho
Abstract:
Pedagogical approaches in Asia nowadays are imported from the West. In Confucian Heritage Culture (CHC), however, there is a dichotomy between the perceived benefits of Western pedagogies and the real classroom practices in Chinese societies. The success of Hong Kong students in large-scale international assessments has proved that both the strengths of both Western pedagogies and CHC educational approaches should be integrated for the sake of the students. University students aim to equip themselves with employability skills upon graduation. Formative assessments allow students to receive detailed, positive, and timely feedback and they can identify their strengths and weaknesses before they start working. However, there remains a question of whether university year 1 students who come from an examination-driven secondary education background are ready to respond to more formative assessments. The findings show that year 1 students are less concerned about competition in the university and more open to new teaching approaches that will allow them to improve as professionals in their major study areas.
Keywords: Formative assessment, higher education, learning styles, Confucian heritage culture.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1110926
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 2475References:
[1] R. Berry, 'Assessment trends in Hong Kong: seeking to establish formative assessment in an examination culture', Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 199-211, 2011.
[2] D. Carless, From testing to productive student learning. New York: Routledge, 2011.
[3] S. P. W. Wong, ‘Community expectation of tertiary education’, Asia Engineer, February, pp. 14-15, 1994.
[4] P. Yee, 'Competing Contexts for Developing Personal and Social Education in Hong Kong', Comparative Education, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 65-87, 2001.
[5] K. Forestier and M. Crossley, 'International education policy transfer – borrowing both ways: the Hong Kong and England experience', Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 664-685, 2014.
[6] C. C. Lam, 'The romance and reality of policy‐making and implementation: a case study of the target‐oriented curriculum in Hong Kong', Journal of Education Policy, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 641-655, 2003.
[7] K. Morrison, ‘Paradox lost: Toward a robust test of the Chinese learner’, Education Journal, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1-30, 2006.
[8] N. Davis, E. Kumtepe and M. Aydeniz, 'Fostering Continuous Improvement and Learning Through Peer Assessment: Part of an Integral Model of Assessment', Educational Assessment, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 113-135, 2007.
[9] W. Zhang, 'Conceptions of lifelong learning in Confucian culture: their impact on adult learners', International Journal of Lifelong Education, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 551-557, 2008.
[10] P. Nguyen, C. Terlouw and A. Pilot, 'Culturally appropriate pedagogy: the case of group learning in a Confucian Heritage Culture context', Intercultural Education, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-19, 2006.
[11] D. Koretz, 'Using Multiple Measures to Address Perverse Incentives and Score Inflation', Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 18-26, 2003.
[12] G. Deckert and B. Johnston, 'Values in English Language Teaching', TESOL Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 4, p. 872, 2006.
[13] R. Hayhoe, 'Education in Hong Kong, 1941 to 2001: Visions and Revisions by Anthony Sweeting: Education in Hong Kong, 1941 to 2001: Visions and Revisions', COMP EDUC REV, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 425-427, 2005.
[14] R. Alexander, Essays on Pedagogy. New York: Routledge, 2008
[15] D. A. Watkins and J. van Aalst, ‘Comparing Ways of Learning’, CERC Studies in Comparative Education, vol. 32, pp. 365-385, 2014.
[16] M. Han and X. Yang, ‘Educational assessment in China: Lessons from history and future prospects’, Assessment in Education: principles, policy & practice, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5-10, 2001.
[17] K. Alshare and N. M. Hindi, ‘The importance of presentation skills in the classroom: Students and instructors perspectives’, Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 6-15, 2004.
[18] P. J. Black and D. Wiliam, ‘Developing the theory of formative assessment’, Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, vol. 21, no. 1, pp.5-31, 2009.
[19] D. Carless, ‘Prospects for the implementation of assessment for learning’, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 39-54, 2005.
[20] Fung, Y. Y. H. (2007). Collaborative online learning: interaction patterns and limiting factors. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 19(2), 135-149.
[21] F. Dochy, ‘A new assessment era: Different needs, new challenges’. Learning and Instruction, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 11–20, 2001.
[22] P. Smyth, ‘Is there a difference between peer assessment and peer feedback?’, 2015 (Online). Available: https://psmythblog.wordpress.com/ (Accessed: 30-05-2015).
[23] K. M. Cheng, ‘The culture of schooling in East Asia’. In N. Entwistle (eds.), Handbook of Educational Ideas and Practices. London: Routledge, pp. 163–173, 1995.
[24] P. Knight, ‘Assessing complex achievements’. In: McNay I (ed.) Beyond Mass Higher Education. Maidenhead: Open University Press/SRHE/McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 96–104, 2006
[25] S. Deeley, 'Summative co-assessment: A deep learning approach to enhancing employability skills and attributes', Active Learning in Higher Education, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 39-51, 2013.
[26] S. Rowland, The enquiring university teacher. Buckingham (England): Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press, 2000.
[27] L. Dacre Pool and P. Sewell, 'The key to employability: developing a practical model of graduate employability', Education + Training, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 277-289, 2007.
[28] CBI, ‘Future Fit: Preparing Graduates for the World of Work’. London: CBI, 2009.
[29] P. Knight and M. Yorke, 'Employability through the curriculum', Tertiary Education and Management, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 261-276, 2002.
[30] S. Deeley, 'Service-learning: Thinking outside the box', Active Learning in Higher Education, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 43-53, 2010.
[31] J. Moon, Reflection and employability. York: LTSN Generic Centre, 2004.
[32] K. O. Omorogiuwa, ‘Benefits and challenges of feedback in formative assessment of distance learners’, 2012.
[33] N. Falchikov, Improving assessment through student involvement. New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2005.
[34] W.Y. Zhang and K. Perris, ‘Assessing learning styles in distance education: a Hong Kong perspective’, Journal of Distance Education, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25-37, 2003.
[35] H. Cheu, Confucianism in Chinese culture. Selangor Darul Shsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 2000.
[36] M. Hill, 'SpeakEasy: online support for oral presentation skills', ELT Journal, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 370-376, 2003.
[37] G. Joughin, 'Student conceptions of oral presentations', Studies in Higher Education, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 323-336, 2007.
[38] D. Carless, 'Issues in Teachers' Reinterpretation of a Task-Based Innovation in Primary Schools', TESOL Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 639, 2004.
[39] G. Hinchliffe and A. Jolly, 'Graduate identity and employability', British Educational Research Journal, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 563-584, 2011.
[40] W. Y. Zhang, ‘Comparative study of online teaching and learning in Asia’s open universities’, Distance Education Annual (Taiwan), vol. 16, pp. 1-9, 2004.
[41] D. Nicol, A. Thomson and C. Breslin, 'Rethinking feedback practices in higher education: a peer review perspective', Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 102-122, 2013.
[42] D. Kember, C. Hong and A. Ho, 'Characterizing the motivational orientation of students in higher education: A naturalistic study in three Hong Kong universities', British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 313-329, 2008.
[43] N. Liu and D. Carless, 'Peer feedback: the learning element of peer assessment', Teaching in Higher Education, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 279-290, 2006.
[44] M. Patri, 'The influence of peer feedback on self and peer-assessment of oral skills', Language Testing, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 109-131, 2002.
[45] M. Poehner, 'Dynamic Assessment: fairness through the prism of mediation', Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 99-112, 2011.
[46] W. O. Lee, ‘The cultural context for Chinese learners: conceptions of learning in the Confucian tradition’. In: D. A.Watkins & J. B. Biggs (eds.), The Chinese Learners: cultural, psychological and contextual influences. Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre, pp. 25–41, 1996.