Links between Landscape Management and Environmental Risk Assessment: Considerations from the Italian Context

Authors: M. Balestrieri, C. Pusceddu

Abstract:

Issues relating to the destructive phenomena that can damage people and goods have returned to the centre of debate in Italy with the increase in catastrophic episodes in recent years in a country which is highly vulnerable to hydrological risk. Environmental factors and geological and geomorphological territorial characteristics play an important role in determining the level of vulnerability and the natural tendency to risk. However, a territory has also been subjected to the requirements of and transformations of society and this brings other relevant factors. The reasons for the increase in destructive phenomena are often to be found in the territorial development models adopted. Stewardship of the landscape and management of risk are related issues. This study aims to summarize the most relevant elements about this connection and at the same time to clarify the role of environmental risk assessment as a tool to aid in the sustainable management of landscape. Finally, the study reflects on how regional and urban planners deal with environmental risk and which aspects should be monitored in order to adopt responsible and useful interventions.

Keywords: Assessment, landscape, risk, planning.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1110680

References:

[1] M. Agnoletti, Ed., Italian Historical Rural Landscapes, Heidelberg London New York: Springer Verlag, 2013.
[2] M. Antrop, “Landscape Change and Urbanization Process in Europe”, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 67, pp. 9-26, March, 2004.
[3] M. Arouri, C. Nguyen and A.B. Youssef, “Natural Disasters, Household Wel-fare, and Resilience: Evidence from Rural Vietnam”, World Development, vol. 70, pp. 59-77, June, 2015.
[4] M. Balestrieri, “Zone d’ombra della pianificazione”, Urbanistica Dossier, vol. 4, pp. 571- 575, 2013.
[5] P. Berdini, Breve storia dell’abuso edilizio in Italia dal ventennio fascista al prossimo futuro, Roma: Saggine, 2010.
[6] M. Besio, “Dalla carta del rischio al piano integrato della sostenibilità territoriale”, Urbanistica, vol. 117, pp. 5-17, 2001.
[7] L. Briguglio, G. Cordina, N. Farrugia and S. Vella, Economic Vulnerability and Resilience Concepts and Measurements, Research Paper N. 2008/55, UNU-WIDER World Development Economic Research Institute, 2008.
[8] R. J. Burby, P. J. May and R. G. Paterson., “Improving compliance with regulations: Choices and outcomes for local government”, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 324-34, November, 1998.
[9] R. J. Burby, T. Beatley, P. R. Berke, R. E. Deyle, S. P. French, D.R. Goldschalk, E. J. Kaiser, J. D. Kartez, P. J. May, R. Olshansky, R. G. Paterson and R. H. Platt, “Unleashing the power of planning to create disaster-resistant communities”, JAPA, vol. 65, no.3, pp. 247-58, November, 1999.
[10] R. Camagni, M. C. Gibelli and P. Rigamonti, I costi collettivi della città dispersa, Firenze: Alinea Editrice, 2002.
[11] R. Camagni, “Perequazione urbanistica estesa, rendita e finanziarizzazione immobiliare: un conflitto con l’equità e la qualità territoriale”, Scienze Regionali, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 29-44, 2014.
[12] Crcs, Rapporto 2010, Roma, http://consumosuolo.org/files/2014/06/ abstract_rapporto_2010.pdf
[13] Cresme, Lo stato del territorio italiano 2012, Insediamento e rischio sismico idrogeologico, www.camera.it/temiap/temi16/ CRESME_rischiosismico.pdf
[14] Cutter, S.L. & Finch, C., “Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards,” in Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 2301-2306, 2007.
[15] M. Dallimer, D. Tinch, S. Acs, N. Hanley, H.R. Southall, K. J. Gaston, and P.R. Armsworth, “100 years of change: examining agricultural trends, habitat change and stakeholder perceptions through the 20th century”, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 46, no.2, pp. 334-343, March, 2009.
[16] A. Dauphiné, Risques et catastrophes: observer, spatialiser – comprendre – gérer, Paris:Armand Colin, 2001.
[17] A. De Montis, “Impacts of the European Landscape Convention on national planning systems: A comparative investigation of six case studies”, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 124, pp. 53-65, April, 2014.
[18] L. Fregolent, Governare la dispersione, Franco Angeli: Milano, 2005.
[19] A. Galderisi and A. Ceudech, “Dalle tecniche per la conoscenza agli strumenti urbanistici per la mitigazione del rischio idrogeologico in ambito urbano”, in Proc. XXIX Conferenza italiana di Scienze Regionali Journal of Applied Ecology, Bari, 2008.
[20] A. Galderisi and S. Menoni, “Rischi naturali, Prevenzione e Piano”, Urbanistica, vol. 134, pp. 7-22, 2007.
[21] P. Graziano, “Vulnerability and resilience of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of italian provinces”, in Proc. Regional Studies Association European Conference, Tampere, May 2013.
[22] ISDR, Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr
[23] Ispra, Il consumo di suolo in Italia, Roma: Ispra, 2014.
[24] F. Indovina, La città diffusa, Venezia: Daest-IUAV, 1990.
[25] J. Jensen and M. Mesman, Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Land, 2006, http://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/Attachments/Prefaceetc.pdf
[26] M.P. Johnson, “Environmental impacts of urban sprawl: a survey of the literature and proposed research agenda”, Environment and Planning A, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 717-735, 2001.
[27] M. Kamppinen and M. Wilenius, “Risk landscapes in the era of social transition”, Futures, vol. 33, no.3-4, August, pp. 307-317, 2001.
[28] D. Knowler and B. Bradshaw, “Farmers adoption of conservation agriculture: a review and synthesis of recent research”, Food Policy, vol. 32, no.1, pp. 25-48, 2007.
[29] Legambiente, Rapporto Ecomafia 2008. I numeri e le storie della criminalità ambientale, Milano: Edizioni Ambiente, 2008.
[30] MATTM, Rischio idrogeologico in Italia, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, 2008.
[31] L. Mazza, “Limiti e capacità della pianificazione dello spazio”, Territorio, vol. 52, no. 7-24, 2010.
[32] D. S. Mileti, Disasters by design, A reassessment of natural hazards in the United States, Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1999.
[33] W. Naudé, M. McGillivray, and R. Stephanié, Measuring the Vulnerability of Subnational Regions, Research Paper No. 2008/54, UNU-WIDER World Development Economic Research Institute, 2008.
[34] ONUG/DHA, (1992), Glossaire International multilingue agrée de termes relatifs à la gestion de catastrophes, http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/glossaire.html
[35] C. V. Patton, Ed., Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and Prospects, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988.
[36] B. Roy, “Decision Science or Decision-aid Science?”, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 66, no. 2, pp.184-203, May, 1993.
[37] B. Roy, Méthodologie multicritère d’aide à la décision, Paris: Economica, 1985.
[38] L. Salvati, M. Munafò, V. G. Morelli and A. Sabbi, “Low-density Settlements and Land Use Changes in a Mediterranean Urban Region”, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 105, no. 1-2, pp. 43-52, April, 2012.
[39] E. Salzano, “Dualismo urbano. Città dei cittadini o città della rendita”, QT2 Quaderni del territorio, vol. 2, pp. 143-153, 2011
[40] R. Schoonjans and R. Luttik, “Specifying biodiversity-related protection goals for environmental risk assessment”, EFSA Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1-4, December, 2014.
[41] M. Scheele, The agri-environmental measures in the context of CAP reform, in Whitby M., Ed, The European Environment and CAP Reform, Policies and Prospects for Conservation, Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 3-7, 1996.
[42] M. Schouten, C. M. Van Der Heide, W. J. M. Heijman, and PFM. Opdam, A resilience-based policy evaluation framework: application to European rural development policies, Ecological Economics, vol. 81, pp. 165-175, September, 2012.
[43] S. Stanghellini, “Abusivismo edilizio: Il ministro degli interni si preoccupi”, Urbanistica Informazioni, vol. 135, no. 6, 215-233, 1994.
[44] W. Tocci, “L’insostenibile ascesa della rendita Urbana”, Democrazia e Diritto, vol. 1, pp. 17-59, 2009.
[45] C. Stoate C., A. Baldi, P. Beja , N. D., Boatman., I. Herzon, A. van Doorn, G. R. de Snoo, L. Rakosy and C. Ramwell, “Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe - A review”, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 91, no.1, pp. 22-46, October 2009.
[46] F. Zanfi, “The “Città Abusiva” in Contemporary Southern Italy: Illegal Building Prospects for Change”, Urban Studies, vol. 50, no. 16, pp. 3428-3445, December, 2013.
[47] B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon and I. Davis, At Risk. Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, 2004.