Effects of Supplementation with Annatto (Bixa orellana)-Derived δ-Tocotrienol on the Nicotine-Induced Reduction in Body Weight and 8-Cell Preimplantation Embryonic Development in Mice

Authors: M. H. Rajikin, S. M. M. Syairah, A. R. Sharaniza

Abstract:

Effects of nicotine on pre-partum body weight and preimplantation embryonic development has been reported previously. Present study was conducted to determine the effects of annatto (Bixa orellana)-derived delta-tocotrienol (TCT) (with presence of 10% gamma-TCT isomer) on the nicotine-induced reduction in body weight and 8-cell embryonic growth in mice. Twenty-four 6-8 weeks old (23-25g) female balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups (G1-G4; n=6). Those groups were subjected to the following treatments for 7 consecutive days: G1 (control) were gavaged with 0.1 ml tocopherol stripped corn oil. G2 was subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 3 mg/kg/day of nicotine. G3 received concurrent treatment of nicotine (3 mg/kg/day) and 60 mg/kg/day of δ-TCT mixture (contains 90% delta & 10% gamma isomers) and G4 was given 60 mg/kg/day of δ-TCT mixture alone. Body weights were recorded daily during the treatment. On Day 8, females were superovulated with 5 IU Pregnant Mare’s Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) for 48 hours followed with 5 IU human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) before mated with males at the ratio of 1:1. Females were sacrificed by cervical dislocation for embryo collection 48 hours post-coitum. Collected embryos were cultured in vitro. Results showed that throughout Day 1 to Day 7, the body weight of nicotine treated group (G2) was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of G1, G3 and G4. Intervention with δ-TCT mixture (G3) managed to increase the body weight close to the control group. This is also observed in the group treated with δ-TCT mixture alone (G4). The development of 8-cell embryos following in vitro culture (IVC) was totally inhibited in G2. Intervention with δ- TCT mixture (G3) resulted in the production of 8-cell embryos, although it was not up to that of the control group. Treatment with δ- TCT mixture alone (G4) caused significant increase in the average number of produced 8-cell embryo compared to G1. Present data indicated that δ-TCT mixture was able to reverse the body weight loss in nicotine treated mice and the development of 8-cell embryos was also improved. Further analysis on the quality of embryos need to done to confirm the effects of δ-TCT mixture on preimplantation embryos.

Keywords: δ-tocotrienol, body weight, nicotine, preimplantation embryonic development.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1108370

References:

[1] R. Wickstorm, “Effects of Nicotine during Pregnancy: Human and Experimental Evidence,” Current Neuropharmacology, vol. 5, pp. 213- 222, 2007.
[2] M. S. Rozzana, Z. Zaiton, M. H. Rajikin, S. Fadzilah, and A. Zanariyah, “Supplementation with Alpha Lipoic Acid Improves the in vitro Development of Embryos in Nicotine-Treated Mice,” Biomed. Res.; vol. 16, pp. 28-32, 2005.
[3] N. Mokhtar, M. H. Rajikin, and Zakaria Z, “Role of Tocotrienol-Rich Palm Vitamin E on Pregnancy and Preimplantation Embryos in Nicotine Treated Rats,” Biomed. Res. vol. 19, pp. 181-184, 2008.
[4] Y. S. Kamsani, M. H. Rajikin, A. Chatterjee, M. N. K. Nor-Ashikin, and A. S. Nuraliza, “Impairment of in vitro Embryonic Development with a Corresponding Elevation of Oxidative Stress Following Nicotine Treatment in Mice: Effect of Variation in Treatment Duration,” Biomed. Res. vol. 21, pp. 359-364, 2010.
[5] Y.S. Kamsani, M. H. Rajikin, and A. Chatterjee, “Hazardous Impact of Nicotine on Pre- and Post-Implantation Embryonic Development: Effective Management by Tocotrienol Supplementation,” Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 3, no. 13, pp. 801-811, 2012a.
[6] S. Ima-Nirwana, M. Norazlina, M. T. Abd Gapor, and B. A. K. Khalid, “Vitamin E Deficiency Impairs Weight Gain in Normal and Ovariectomised Growing Female Rats,” Medical J. Islamic Academy Sci. vol. 11, pp. 99-105, 1998.
[7] O. Ainsah, B. M. Nabishah, C. B. Osman, and B. A. K. Khalid, “Naloxone and Vitamin E Block Stress-Induced Reduction of Locomotor Activity and Elevation of Plasma Corticosterone,” (1999). J. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. and Physio., vol. 26, pp. 444 – 448, 1999.
[8] C. Siok-Fong, A. H. Noor Aini, A. L. Azian, Z. Zaiton, M. Musalmah, M. Y. Yasmin Anum, A. K. Aminuddin, I. Johari, H. Zalina, and W. N. Wan Zurinah, “Reduction of DNA Damage in Older Healthy Adults by Tri E® Tocotrienol Supplementation,” Nutrition. vol. 24, pp.1–10, 2008.
[9] M. Norazlina, J. Maizatul-Neza, A. Azarina, A. S. Nazrun, M. Norliza, and S. Ima-Nirwana, “Effects of Vitamin E on Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in Rats Treated with Nicotine,” Medical Journal Malaysia, vol. 65, pp. 14-17, 2010.
[10] Y.S. Kamsani, M. H. Rajikin, M. N. K. Nor-Ashikin, A. S. Nuraliza, and A. Chatterjee, “Nicotine-Induced Cessation of Embryonic Development is Reversed by γ-Tocotrienol in Mice,” Med. Sci. Monit. Basic Res. 19, pp. 87-92, 2013.
[11] Y. S. Mineur, A. Abizaid, Y. Rao, R. Salas, R. J. DiLeone, D. Gündisch, S. Diano, M. De Biasi, T. L. Horvath, X-B. Gao, and M. R. Picciotto, “Nicotine Decreases Food Intake through Activation of POMC Neurons,” Science, vol. 332, no. 6035, pp. 1330-2, 2011.
[12] P. S. Collazo, P. B. Martinez de Morentin, J. Ferno, C. Dieguez, R. Nogueiras, and M. Lopez, “Nicotine Improves Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis and ER Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Male Rats,” Endocrinology, vol. 155, pp. 1679-1689, 2014.
[13] S. B. Budin, F. Othman, S. R. Louis, M. Abu Bakar, S. Das, and J. Mohamed, “The Effects of Palm Oil Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Supplementation on Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Stress and the Vascular Wall of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats,” Clinics, vol. 64, pp. 235-244, 2009.
[14] S. Makino, M. A. Smith, and P. W. Gold, “Increased Expression of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Vasopressin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) in the Hypothalamus Paraventricular Nucleus during Repeated Stress: Association with Reduction in Glucocorticoid Receptor MRNA Level,” Endocrinology, vol. 136, pp. 3299-309, 1995.
[15] M. T. Zenzes, T. E. Reed, and R. F. Casper, “Effect of Age and Cigarette Smoking in the Maturation of Human Oocytes,” Human Reproduction, vol. 9, pp. 101-109, 1997.
[16] K. A. Joesbury, W. R. Edirisinghe, M. R. Phillips, and J. L. Yovich, “Evidence that Male Smoking Affects the Likelihood of a Pregnancy Following IVF Treatment: Application of the Modified Cumulative Embryo Score,” Human Reproduction, vol. 13, pp. 1506-1513, 1998.
[17] M. H. Rajikin, E. S. Latif, M. R. Mar, A. G. Mat, Top, and N. Mokhtar, “Deleterious Effects of Nicotine on the Ultrastructure of Oocytes: Role of Gamma Tocotrienol,” Med. Sci. Monit. vol. 15, no. 12, pp. BR378– 83, 2009.