Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 33104
Temporal Variation of PM10-Bound Benzo(a)pyrene Concentration in an Urban and a Rural Site of Northwestern Hungary
Authors: Zs. Csanádi, A. Szabó Nagy, J. Szabó, J. Erdős
Abstract:
The main objective of this study was to assess the annual concentration and seasonal variation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) associated with PM10 in an urban site of Győr and in a rural site of Sarród in the sampling period of 2008–2012. A total of 280 PM10 aerosol samples were collected in each sampling site and analyzed for BaP by gas chromatography method. The BaP concentrations ranged from undetected to 8 ng/m3 with the mean value of 1.01 ng/m3 in the sampling site of Győr, and from undetected to 4.07 ng/m3 with the mean value of 0.52 ng/m3 in the sampling site of Sarród, respectively. Relatively higher concentrations of BaP were detected in samples collected in both sampling sites in the heating seasons compared with non-heating periods. The annual mean BaP concentrations were comparable with the published data of different other Hungarian sites.Keywords: Air quality, benzo(a)pyrene, PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1107365
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 1925References:
[1] T. Kameda, “Atmospheric Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” J. Health Sci., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 504–511, 2011.
[2] K. Ravindra, R. Sokhi, R. V. Grieken, “Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Source Attribution, Emission Factors and Regulation,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 2895-2921, 2008.
[3] K. Srogi, “Monitoring of Environmental Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review,” Environ. Chem. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 169–195, 2007.
[4] World Health Organization (WHO), Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91. 2nd Edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen. 2000.
[5] ATSDR, Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995.
[6] A. M. Caricchia, S. Chiavarini, M. Pezza, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmospheric Particulate Matter in the City Of Naples (Italy)," Atmos. Environ., vol. 33, no. 23, pp. 3731-3738, 1999.
[7] T. Nielsen, H. A. Jorgensen, J. C. Larsen, M. Poulsen, “City Air Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Mutagens: Occurrence, Sources and Health Effects,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 189, pp. 41–49, 1996.
[8] G. Mastrangelo, E. Fadda, V. Marzia, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer in Man.” Environ. Health Persp., vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 1166-1170, 1996.
[9] B. Armstrong, E. Hutchinson, J. Unwin, T. Fletcher, “Lung Cancer Risk after Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review and Meta-Analysis,” Environ. Health Persp., vol. 112, no. 9, pp. 970-978, 2004.
[10] OMSZ ÉLFO, Summary of the OLM PM10 sampling program in 2018- 2012, Reference Centre for Air Quality Protection, Budapest, 2008-2012 (in Hungarian).
[11] EEA, Air quality in Europe - 2013 report, European Environment Agency, Luxembourg, 2013.
[12] MSZ EN 12341:2000, Air quality. Determination of the PM10 Fraction of Suspended Particulate Matter. Reference Method and Field Test Procedure to Demonstrate Reference Equivalence of Measurement Methods, Hungarian Standard Association, Budapest, 2000.
[13] MSZ EN 15549:2008, Air quality. Standard Method for Measurement of the Concentration of Benzo
[a]Pyrene in Ambient Air, Hungarian Standard Association, Budapest, 2008.
[14] J. Szabó, A. Szabó Nagy, J. Erdős, "Ambient Concentrations of PM10, PM10-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in an Urban Site of Győr, Hungary," Air Qual. Atm. Hlth., published online 15 January 2015.
[15] A. Dvorska, G. Lammel, J. Klanova, I. Holoubek, “Kosetice, Czech Republic – Ten Years of Air Pollution Monitoring and Four Years of Evaluating the Origin of Persistent Organic Pollutants,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 403–408, 2008.
[16] K. Slezakova, J. C. M. Pires, D. Castro, M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, C. Delerue-Matos, S. Morais, M. C. Pereira, "PAH Air Pollution at a Portuguese Urban Area: Carcinogenic Risks and Sources Identification," Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 3932-3945, 2013.
[17] A. Gutierrez-Daban, A. J. Fernandez-Espinosa, M. Ternero-Rodriguez, F. Fernandez-Alvarez, "Particle-Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Air in Southern Spain," Anal. Bioanal. Chem., vol. 381, no. 3, pp. 721-736, 2005.
[18] M. Vestenius, S. Leppänen, P. Anttila, K. Kyllönen, J. Hatakka, H. Hellén, A. P. Hyvärinen, H. Hakola, “Background Concentrations and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in South- Eastern Finland,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 45, pp. 3391-3399, 2011.
[19] M. S. Callén, M. T. de la Cruz, J. M. López, A. M. Mastral, "PAH in Airborne Particulate Matter. Carcinogenic Character of PM10 Samples and Assessment of the Energy Generation Impact," Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 176-182, 2011.
[20] S. Kaur, K. Senthilkumar, V. K. Verma, B. Kumar, S. Kumar, J. K. Katnoria, C. S. Sharma, “Preliminary Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air Particles (PM10) in Amritsar, India: Sources, Apportionment, and Possible Risk Implications to Humans,” Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 382–395, 2013.
[21] S. Sarkar, P. S. Khillare, “Association of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Metallic Species in a Tropical Urban Atmosphere – Delhi, India,” J. Atmos. Chem., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 107– 126, 2011.
[22] J. H. Tan, X. H. Bi, J. C. Duan, K. A. Rahn, G. Y. Sheng, J. M. Fu, “Seasonal Variation of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China,” Atmos. Res., vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 250–262, 2006.
[23] Y. Cheng, K. F. Ho, W. J. Wu, S. S. H. Ho, S. C. Lee, Y. Huang, Y. W. Zhang, P. S. Yau, Y. Gao, C. S. Chan, “Real-Time Characterization of Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Heavily Trafficked Roadside Site,” Aerosol Air Qual. Res., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1181–1188, 2012.
[24] S. U. Park, J. G. Kim, M. J. Jeong, B. J. Song, “Source Identification of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Industrial Complex Using Diagnostic Ratios And Multivariate Factor Analysis,” Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 576–589, 2011.
[25] J. Dachs, T. R. Glenn, C. L. Gigliotti, P. Brunciak, L. A. Totten, E. D. Nelson, T. P. Franz, S. J. Eisenreich, “Processes Driving the Short-Term Variability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Baltimore and Northern Chesapeake Bay atmosphere, USA,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 36, no. 14, pp. 2281–2295, 2002.
[26] T. Gouin, D. Wilkinson, S. Hummel, B. Meyer, A. Culley, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and snow from Fairbanks, Alaska,” Atmos. Pollut. Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 2010.
[27] M. R. Sienra, N. G. Rosazza, M. Prendez, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Molecular Diagnostic Ratios in Urban Atmospheric Respirable Particulate Matter,” Atmos. Res., vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 267–281, 2005.
[28] S. Ben Hassine, B. Hammami, W. Ben Ameur, Y. El Megdiche, B. Barhoumi, M. R. Driss, “Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Atmosphere of Bizerte City, Tunisia,” B. Environ. Contam. Tox., vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 375–382, 2014.